Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Year:2001 | Volume:11 | Issue:31|Papers Count:19

Background and purpose: Rubella is a viral disease, which occurs in children and adolescents. Rubella infection in gestation period, in a person sensitive to this disease, can lead to serious complication in the fetus. Such as mortality and abortion and serious congorited disorders (congenital rubella syndrome).Infection with rubella causes permanent immunity. And immunoglobulins essay of IgG as an indicator for the determination of immunity in the patients. Since rubella vaccination is not common in Iran, hence we decided to determine the immunological status in the pregnant women infected with rubella virus in mazandaran province.Materials and Methods: The population who underwent our studying were 1420 girls about to get married referring to the health center laboratory for certain tests. This research is cross sectional study. The samples were collected by simple randomized method. 8 cities of the province were selected randomly the number of collecting samples were decided according to the estimated population of the cities taken in 1998 them the titer of IgG against rubella infection was measured by E L, & A and the corded as positive for (the presence of antibody known as resistant) and negative (without of antibody, known as sensitive).Results: From the total number of 1420 causes under investigation. 109 (11.5.4.9) were sensitive to rubella on the basis of geological area and 1311 (92.3%) were resistant the percentage of sensitive cases were as follow 6.2, 10.25, 4.9, 5.55, 5.6, 5.1 and 8.9 in the cities of Babol and amol, sari, noshahr, behshahr, ramsar and noor respectively.Conclusion: Considering the sensitivity of 7% of the females in the pregnancy age group to rubella in this province and the risk of getting in the gestation period, and subsequently, due to endimicits of this disease in the region and the problem of clinical diagnosis vaccination of all the girls prior to their gestation period is recommenden, specially in the curly of life.

Background and Purpose: Removal of bacteria by macrophytes in wetland system had been reported by many researchers. This study was designed and performed to determine the efficiency of sub-surface constructed wetland in removal of coliform bacteria from sewage.Materials and Methods: We have used 4 plastic reactors in Bench-Scale in two series. In each serie and to the three reactors were added 1, 2 and 3 plants respectively and the fourth reactor was kept as control (without plant). Gravel media was used in both series of reactors with the effective size of 5mm and porosity coefficient of 2.2 and 33 percent respectively.Concentration of coliform to act as MPN/100 ml in influent sewage was 2000-9200000 (4.3-7.96 Log). Detention time applied in the reactors was 1-10 days. Flow pattern of reactors was intermittent. Sewage samples were injected to the reactors on certain time interval, Samples were collected from the reactors and the standard method number of coliform was counted.Results: Coliform removal efficiency was obtained 91.7%, 92.5%, 95.8%, 99.7% in first reactor series and 99.29%, 99.97%, 99.99%, 99.999% in second reactor series with 0,1,2,3 plant respectively. There was no significant relationship between the reactors in first seri (P>0.05), but was significant in second series (P<0.05). The results showed optimum detention time for removal of coliforms in constructed wetland in 5-6 days.Conclusion: This study indicates Subsurface-constructed wetland with gravel media and Iris-pseudacorus plant in 5-6 days detention times has the efficiency to remove coliform of influent sewage.

Background and Purpose: Regarding to the developing organs in embryo and important role of vitamin (Vit) A on developing process in embryonic period, the present study was done in order to survey effects of excess Vit-A administration on limb development and determine the optimum teratogenic dose of this substance and the critical time of its formation.Materials and Methods: This experimental study was done on 140 pregnant Swiss Webster strain mice. They were randomly divided into two control and experimental groups. The experimental group was subdivided into three groups as A, B, C. One dose of 15000 IU/kg (at 8am), two doses of 10000 or 15000 IU/kg (at 8 am & 18 pm the same day) Vit A was injected interaperitoneally by insulin syringe on the day 9, 10, 11 or 12 days of gestation (vaginal plug = day 0 of gestation). The embryoes were removed on the 17th day. They were survied by Stereomicroscope and alcian blue- alizarin red S staining technique.Results: Vit-A gas produced major malformations in the forelimbs and hindlimbs of developing mouse embryos, such as short and unrotation limbs, short fingers, increasing interdigital cleft, also in CNS and Palate defects. Among experimental groups, the most effective dose was the dose of 15000 IU/kg, which produced high incidence of limb defects on 10th day of gestations in forelimbs (28.6%) and 11th hindlimbs (20.6%) compared to the control group (0%). In comparison with control group, embryo absorption rate (mortality rate) increased, mean weight and crown-rump length decreased in experimental group. Which is significant according to MANOVA test (p<0.001)?Conclusion: The results show that excess Vit_A is potent teratogen and produce limb malformations. The incidence and severity of these malforamations were correlated with the dosage and time of exposure. If the embryo is exposed to excess Vit-A during critical periods of developing limb, it may interfere with certain developmental Phenomena, resulting various limb defects among newborn infants.

Background and Purpose: Digitalis species and their cardiac glycosides are used in congestive heart failure (CHF) disease. Digitalis nervosa are grown only in the North regions of Iran. Cardiac glycosides of other species are identified by HPLC procedure. In this research, cardiac glycosides of Digitalis nervosa were identified.Materials and Methods: In this research, methanol as solvent for extraction and Acetonitryl with distilled water as gradient chromatographic vehicle were used. Β-methy digoxin was used as an internal standard too.Results: Fifteen cardiac glycosides were identified in Digitalis nervosa leaves. Lanathoside A was a major component of cardiac glycosides in this plant.Conclusion: Considering the identification of digitalis species of cardiac glycosides, and since in different countries various digitalis species are used for the preperation of effective drugs in treatment of CHF, in case of complementary research, particularly about pharmacology and toxicology, Iranian species of digitalis can be used for preperation of this medicine.

Background and Purpose: Since molar main canal preparation faciliates a good apical obturation and provides necessary room for "post" placement. This study focuses on the outcome of two different instrumentation methods in canal diameter and remained dentin.Materials and Methods: Main canal of 60 upper and lower molars prepared in 4 groups using step back (SB) and passive step back (PSB) techniques gross sections were made in molar roots in 5, 7, 9, 11 millimeters from apical foramina and measurements were done.Results: Canal diameter and width of remained dentin of the instrumented canals were measured by two methods. Results show no significant difference between the methods, using "T test".Conclusion: Both SB and PSB methods are recommended considering "Post" room preparation. Regarding minimal remained dentin in danger zone, care must be taken not to reduce the dentin width to less than one millimeter and not to produce strip perforation.

Background and Purpose: Hypocalemic periodical paralysis is not a common disease. In the previous studies, the rate of relation of this disease with hyperthyroidism has been reported differently. This study shows the relation between these two diseases in Mazandaran.Materials and Methods: All the patients referring to Bou Ali and Imam Hospitals were studied for the hypocalmic paralysis, and after diagnosis and treatment secondary hypocalmy, 20 patients excluding were determined periodic paralysis thyroid function tests were performed, for 20 patients.Results: From 20 patients with periodical paralysis, 8 (40%) patients had hyper thyroidism and 12(60%) had normal thyroid fanction.All the patients were males, the youngest was 22 and the oldest was 46. Five percent of the patients had familial relationship.Conclusion: (40%) of patients with hypocalemic paralysis hypocalmic had hyperthyroidism that their treatment can lead to the permamant paralysis (with the treatment of hyperthyroidism and Normalization of thyroid tests.), Therefore the performance of thyroid tests for these patients is necessary.

Background and Purpose: Pyruvate, Lactate and glucose have been used as energy substrates in most pre implantation embryo culture media. The individual and in combined form, roles of these substrates on preimplantation mouse embryo development in vitro were investigated.Materials and Methods: Two cell embryos, stimulated by ovulation in mouse were collected from the uterus by flashing method. Two cell embryos. Were collected by flashing using hepes buffered T6 (without any energetic substrate) 36 hours after injection of HCG. Embryos were cultured in seven media as follow.T6 medium containing pyruvate lactate and glucose (pL G), T6 medium containing pyruvate and lactate (pL), T6 medium Containing pyruvate and glucose (LG), T6 medium Containing pyruvate (P), T6 medium containing (L) and T6 medium containing glucose (G) the embryos were observed every 24 hours for the days.Results: The percentages of embryos reached compact morula stage were 78.12, 90, 69, 17, 91.45, 43.41 and 40 for pLG, pL.p G, LG, p and G respectively. No Significant difference was observed between pL G, pL, pG and p but there was significant differences between L, LG and G compare to the other groups, with lower percentages of reaching to morula stage (P<0.05).After 79 hours, 68.19, 79.23, 68.42, 41.08, 76.06, 11.62 and 18.51 percents of embryos reached blastocyst stage.Significant differences were observed between L, LG and G media Compare to the other media (P<0.05).Conclusion: The data suggest that only pyruvate can complete preimplantation development in vitro. Also these date do not confirm the synergistic effect of pyruvate, lactate and glucose in the support of embryo development.

Background and Purpose: Treatment of ureter stone in children by ureteroscopy and pneumatic lithotripsy.Materials and Methods: Within one and half year 21 children referred for the treatment of ureter stone by endoscopic method. Biochemical and urine culture tests were done in all of the cases. IVP was performed in all of patients except one case, before operation. Semirigid wolf 8fr ureteroscope was used for ureteroscopy. After observation of stone, it was crushed by swiss lithoclast. At the end of the operation, ureteral cathetor 4fr was placed in all of the patients. In two patients with bilateral ureter stones, bilateral ureteroscopy was performed.Results: The age of the patients ranged from 2 years and 8 months to eleven years. 57.14% and 42.85% of the patients were boys and girls respectively. In all of the patients we reached the stone by ureteroscope, its performance was easier in girls than boys. 95.23% of stone free patients were discharged from the hospital.No serious complication occurred in the patients. The complications were hematuria in 66.66% and renal colitis in one patient. All of them were treated with maintanence treatment.Conclusion: Although, ureteroscopy experience is limited in children. But the study indicats that ureteroscopy done with the help of delicate ureteroscopy in order to diagnosis and treatment of ureter stone in children is easy and with less morbidity.

Background and Purpose: Toxoplasmosis has world wide distribution and in Iran its prevalence is high. Pregnant women infected with Toxoplasma gondii may be prone to abortion, foetal death, still birth or congenital Toxoplasmosis. If we know the percentage of immune women, who are going to get married, we can determine the occurance of abortion, still birth and foetal death due to Toxoplasmosis and congenital Toxoplasmosis.Materials and Methods: Women who are going to get married and referred to the health center laboratory of different cities of Mazandaran state were studied. The samples comprised of 980 women from Sari, Ghaemshahr, Babol, Noshahr, Noor and Behshahr. Five ml blood was drawn, serum was seprated and examined for antibody against Toxoplasmosis by indirect immunofluorescence. First of all, 1/50 titer dilution was tested in the cases of positive result, further dilution was prepared and the last positive dilution was recorded.Results: Serum of 731 samples (75.6%) were positive for Toxoplasma antibody. The confidence interval was 2.7 (74.6±2.7). Most of the samples (37% and 24%) were positive in 1/200 and 1/100 dilutions. With increase in the age of women, percentage of positive cases increased (87.9% of the women with age of 30-34 years were positive for toxoplasma antibody). 96.3% of uneducated women were positive for Toxoplasma antibody. No difference between women in urban and rural areas, also between employed and unemployed women was found.Conclusion: Toxoplasma infection is more prevalent in Mazandaran state than the other states of country. Since the prevalence rates of Toxoplasmosis are high in women before marriage, we can conuclude that the risk of abortion, still birth and foetal death due to Toxoplasmosis and also congenital Toxoplasmosis in this state is low.Therefore a health recommendation will prevent the risk of Toxoplasmosis in women \ who are going to marry.

Background and Purpose: Color blindness is a kind of vision disorder, with the estimated prevalence of 0-8%, particularly 2.3-4% in females. This disease has sex linkage and transmited by X Chromosome, Consequently is more observed in females. Due to much difference in the prevalence and the lack of its study in the region, this study was conducted in order to determine the prevalence of congenital color blindness in the primary students in Sari Township.Materials and Methods: This research was descriptive study done on 160 boys and girls of primary school ages. It was done by ashimihara test method. Sampling was done by cluster method, by random selection of 15 school boys and 11 school girls, study in the primary schools of Sari Township.Results: Among the 3000 students under studying, 42 cases were color blind, with the number of 41(2.4%) boys and 1 (0.06%) girl. Among the 42 color blind cases, 30 (1.706%) of them were totan, 6(36%) were Deutranopia and 6(0.36%) were protanopia.Conclusion: According of this study the rate of color blindness in the whole population was 6% in the girls and 2.4% in the boys, the most prevalent rate of congenital color blindness was of red and green, also the rate of do tan and pro tan color blindness was the same.

Background and Purpose: Calmodulin is a calcium binding protein and Mediates many calcium-dependent processes in the cells. Camodulin inhibitors have antipsychotic action, but, the extrabrain actions of these drugs are little known. Therefore, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of three phenothiazine calmodulin inhibitors on carragrenin and burn induced inflammatory edema in the rat. These effects were compared to anti-inflammatory activities of ibuprofen. Materials and Methods: This Interacting-experimental study was done on male adult rats. Two small burns were produced on the back of rats, and paw edema was induced by intraplantar injection of 0.1 ml of 0.5% carragrenin solution. Varing doses (8, 32mg/kg of trifluoprazine (TFP), thiodiphenyamide chloride (TDPAC), and 2-chloro-phenothizine and ibuprofen (12 mg/kg) were given i.p after induction of burn or carragrenin injection. Inflammatory edema was evaluated by calculation of water, extravasation of Evans Blue (E.B) in inflammatory tissue and by calculation of volumevariations of paw.Results: The results showed, that TFP (32 mg/kg) effectively reduced (29%) E.B. extravasation and water content in the burned rat skin, compared to control rat (burned not treated), whereas the other drugs did not give response. No significances were found between inhibitory effects of TFP and ibuprofen on E.B. extravasation in burned skis, but the inhibitory effects of TFP on water content appeared to be more potent (22.2%) than ibuprofen. TFP and TDPAC showed significantly 38.2% and 55.3% inhibitory action on increased volume of paw respectively. TFP also decreases (45.8%) E.B. extravasation in inflammatory paw. No significant differences were found between inhibitory effects pf TFP and ibuprofen on E.B. extravasation of paw, whereas, the inhibitory effects of TFP on paw volume was less than ibuprofen.Conclusion: These data suggest that, calmodulin inhibitor (TFP) can inhibit inflammatory edema, after induction of burn and carragrenin injection, and these anti inflammatory properties are comparable to ibuprofen.

Background and Purpose: Crap canal syndrome is one of the prevalent disease in middle age woman. Which is caused due to the obstruction of median nerve duet at wrist. Is life threatening and causes of frequent referring to physicians there are different treatment technique for canal carp syndrome other than operation. Other treatment methods were also proposed. Which includes injection of steroid combined with Vit. B6. Using of antinflammatory and non steroids.This research was an applied study to determine the rate of effect of two methods strason therapy and phnerosis with 1% hydrocortisone cream in the treatment of this disease.Materials and Methods: In this study, patients infected with canal carp syndrome referring to the physiotherapic clinics of the hospital affifiated to the Tehran university were considered as the case group. After diagnosis of the disease the patients were divided into two groups. One group (18 patients) was treated with ultrasound wave and the second group (18 patients) was treated with phonephoresis. The rate was measured after one month and recorded, the results were analyzed statistically with T-test and vilcuson.Results: 36 patients with mean age group of 30-60 (42.11±8.5) were compared. In all the patients decline of the sense disorder after treatment with phenophoresis was compared and reported with referring to the result obtained and with the help of comparative test and yalkason (P= 0.0002) the difference before and after treatment was significant. Which indicates the effect of phenopnoresis disorder.Conclusion: Considering the positive effect of phenophoresis on clinical point of view and electrodiagnostic in all of the case of infection corticosteroid indicator. Phenophoresis is not a proper alternative.

Apert syndrome is a case syndrome with an incidence of about 16 in 1,000,000 live births. It is classified with the Acrocephalosyndactyly syndromes, which is cranyosynostosis in combination with syndactyly in hands and feet. The other common clinical manifestations in Apert Syndrome are acrocephaly, Turibrachycephaly, syndactyly on hands and feet, wide Tumb, ante mongoloid polpebral fissure, cleft palate, proptosis and under development of mid face. This is a case report of a neonate with clinical manifestations of Apert syndrome.

Alkaptonuria is a very rare hereditary disease with the liver enzyme homogentisic oxidase deficiency which is the result of accumulation of homogentisic acid in tissues along with excretion in urine in large quantities. Ochronosis is clinical expression of alkaptonuria with the symptoms on the visceral organ, articular and connective tissues. The patient was a middle-aged man with prolong pain and stiffness of the left shoulder and knee. Urine discolouration war noticed. Articular biopsy and urine screening test were done. as confirmatory diagnostic tests.