GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
Year:2019 | Volume:34 | Issue:3 (133)|Papers Count:14

Introduction and Background Iranian historic bazaars are the dynamic hotspots of the cities that have a vital role in shaping a sense of place attachment. Among these, Tabriz Historic Bazaar with its unique characteristics is very important. The present study aims at determining the place identity components and their effects on the place attachment among business owners at Tabriz Historic Bazaar. Methodology The present correlational study was conducted among business owners at Tabriz Historic Bazaar in 2018 and 374 people were selected randomly for the research. For data collection, questionnaire with 36 components in 6 dimensions were used. Data analysis was carried out using Spearman Correlation and Multiple Regression tests. Findings Results demonstrated that the coefficient of the most important place identity components with place attachment was significant at p<0. 01 and criteria of memorability, satisfaction as well as introduction and identification had maximum coefficient with place attachment with the coefficients of 0. 541, 0. 480 and 0. 412, respectively. Components of memorability with the beta coefficient of 0. 314, satisfaction with the beta coefficient of 0. 241 as well as introduction and identification with the beta coefficient of 0. 140 had respectively the highest regression effects on the place attachment. Conclusion Considering the role of place identity components and the extent of their influence on the sense of place attachment along with the efforts to preserve them in Tabriz Bazaar would help the survival of this valuable architectural heritage, while the quality of Bazaar will be enhanced as well.

Introduction and Background Attention to social capital can play an important role in improving the process of planning for rural development, relevant professionals and facilitating the participation of villagers in the better implementation of the program. The present research pursues two main objectives: a) Assessment and measurement of the status of social capital in the villages of Zakheryeh rural districts. B. Determining the extent of the impact of the three main dimensions of social capital (trust, participation and cohesion) on the status of social capital. Methodology Research method is descriptive-analytical. According to the statistical population (3382 people); the sample size was determined using the Cochran formula which is 345 people. In this research social capital was evaluated using 20 variables in the form of a questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis using T-Test, Spearman and Path Analysis. Findings Among the research variables, only Social Participation has a direct impact on social capital. The other two variables of research (trust and social cohesion) have direct and indirect effects on social capital. Conclusion Social participation has a direct impact on social capital (0. 624 unit). The most favourable status of social capital was related to Mazraeh, Pahn, Cham Koor and Pir Gheyb respectively.

Introduction and Background The connections (Nexus) among Water, Food and Energy respresent a number of interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral complexities and challenges. Water, Food and Energy resources are affected by climate change. The present study aims at evaluating the impact of climate change on decision making regarding Water, Food and Energy using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process Method. Methodology The main purpose of this research is to prioritize decision barriers using multi-criteria decision-making techniques. The purpose of the present study is in the field of applied research. Fuzzy hierarchical analysis technique was used to prioritize the elements. Questionnaires based on paired comparison from the experts’ point of view were used for data collection. Findings The results suggest that water resource is put in the first priority with the normal weight of 0. 591, food with the normal weight of 0. 304, and energy with the normal weight of 0. 105 are in the second and third priority respectively. Furthermore, a new approach to the integrated management of sustainable development is recognized as the most important barrier to making decisions on the measures of water, food and energy with the normal weights of 0. 256, 0. 261 & 0. 292. The last important barriers are identified as cooperation and communication, the nature of response to communicational shocks, and cooperation and communication with the normal weights of 0. 069, 0. 087 and 0. 071, respectivelly. With respect to the final prioritization, the new approach to the integrated management of sustainable development and the measure of cooperation and communication are acknowledged as the most and least important barriers, respectively, with the normal weights of 0. 292 and 0. 071. Conclusion water, food and energy resource are ranked first, second and third respectively. The most important barrier for decision making regarding water, food and energy was “ the new approach for managing and organizing considering sustainable development” and the least important one is “ communication and collaboration”

Introduction and Background According to global statistics, flood causes significant damages to societies and human lifes. Vulnerability in facing natural hazards is rooted in lack of savings and financial capital, weaknesses in repayment of bank facilities and improper insurance cover among rural households that causes increase in damages. The aim of current research is to evaluate the relationship between economic factors and the degree of resiliency in Gorganrud marginal villages facing flood. Methodology The present study is a descriptive-analytic study consisted of 106 villages located in one kilometer from the Gorganrud border with 22, 942 households. The sample size was estimated by using Cochran formula, 31 villages and 318 families respectively. The cluster and random sampling method was used. Data were collected using both documentary and field data using questionnaire. For analyzing the data, ArcGIS software was used. Findings The research findings show that rural households in hill area – rangeland of the Gorganrud watershed basin have been exposed to financial damages and more vulnerable to flooding due to overcoming agricultural and labor sector activities, in comparison to the plain-agricultural and mountain-forest areas and have a lower level of resilience. On the one hand, there is a significant relationship between the majority of economic components of rural communities and their resilience levels; However, the economic resilience of the whole society (with an average of 2. 64) is relatively weak. Conclusion Resiliency can be considered as a scale to define the degree of economic flexibility of structure and components of rural areas facing natural hazards including flooding. Taking into account the fundamental differences in rural places of studied area, in terms of situation and functional indentity, the degree of resiliency of these societies facing flood is different.

Introduction and Background The agricultural sector is one of the most important economic sectors due to extensive interaction with the environment. The agricultural sector affects climate change and is also affected by climate change. Climate change, on the one hand, affects agricultural performance and, on the other hand, affects the price of products, supply, demand and welfare of consumers and producers. The purpose of this study was to assess climate change and predict its effects on yield, cropping and production of watermelon and cucumber. Methodology Data were gathered in the form of Panel data for cucumber and watermelon product during the years 2003-2017. Using predicted weather scenarios, yields, cropping levels, and harvesting products from 2025 to 2100 were predicted. Finally, consumer welfare, producer welfare and overall welfare were calculated using nonlinear programming model. During the years 2025 to 2100 to predict the welfare of partial equilibrium method was used. Findings In order to estimate the precise function of horticultural crop yield response to climate factors, indicators of climatic zonation region of the province were divided into two. Changes in performance under the weather scenarios for the cucumber product are increasing and the watermelon product follows a decreasing trend. The results showed that temperature had a positive impact on cucumber and had a negative impact on watermelon. Rainfall only had a negative impact on cucumber in the first region and in other cases had a direct impact on product performance. Amon uncontrollable factors, humidity had a reverse impact on both products in the first region. Technology had a positive impact and management had a negative impact. Conclusion the overall welfare show a decreasing trend in the coming years. Meaning that consumers experience less loss than producers.

Introduction and Background Based on WHO research, a long range of mental disorders in developing countries and developed countries are related to economic status of a country. Stress is one of the most important mental disorders. The issue, which has been ignored so far, is the impact of the built environment on mental health indices. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between housing quality indices and citizens’ mental health in a case study of MoftAbad and Mardavij neighborhoods of Isfahan city. Methodology The current research is descriptive-analytical and carried out in two district of Isfahan city in 2018. For studying qualitative indices of housing, 8 indices in the internal dimension and 12 others in the external dimension of housing were selected for this study. The dependent variable of the research is perceived stress. To measure stress, the standard perceived stress scale of Cohen et al. (1983) was used which has 14 questions and data were analyzed using Pearson test and also regression analysis. Findings It was found that the quality of the internal environment in the neighborhoods of MoftAbad and Mardavij, with the intensity of-0. 671 and-0. 656 respectively, has a significant relationship with perceived stress and the quality of the external environment in relation with perceived stress in MoftAbad and Mardavij neighborhoods is-0. 665 and-0. 675 respectively. The results of regression analysis showed generally that variables such as interior design and architecture, indoor green space, received natural light, building quality, diversity of green spaces, inappropriate use of color in space, pavement flooring, and the possibility of pedestrianism, the quality of public spaces, environmental cleanliness and environmental security have the most impact on the stress level of urban residents. Conclusion The quality of house in urban areas can reduce or increase the perceived stress as people live most of their time in houses.

Introduction and Background Physical indicators of urban texture such as the age of buildings, microstructure, number of floors and type of building materials have a determinant role in the intensity and extent of the cities vulnerability in the face of earthquakes. Many Iranian cities are located on areas with moderate and high risk of earthquakes. Hence, Special attention to the elements qualities and physical indicators of urban spaces can dramatically reduce the incidence of environmental disasters in Iranian cities. The Gorgan city has 360, 000 inhabitant’ s population and 3, 600 hectares’ area in 2016 that is located on earthquake areas with a relatively high risk. Accordingly, the present research, seeks to vulnerable zones determination of Gorgan city texture in terms of physical indicators and prioritization of affecting physical indicators on its vulnerability. Methodology The research is applied and method is descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection is documentary. Four categories of criteria were used to determine the physical vulnerability of urban blocks in Gorgan. For each criterion, the indices were evaluated using AHP, ANP and VIKOR models. Finally, using the VIKOR model, the final composition and physical layer of physical vulnerability of Gorgan were calculated. For this purpose, this study have used models such as AHP, ANP and VIKOR. Findings Based on VIKOR model results, the highest degree of physical vulnerability is belonging to the central and somewhat southern regions of the city of Gorgan. Meanwhile, the eastern, western and north parts of the city have a better condition. Based on ANP model results, material, building age, number of classes and micro fracture indices, have the highest impact on urban vulnerability assessment of Gorgan, respectively. However, the value of each of these indicators is 0/422, 0/224, 0/176, and 0/126 respectively. Conclusion The center of the city of Gorgan is more vulnerable than its surroundings. This is due to worn-out and old materials of city center. On the other hand, the northern and western texture of Gorgan are in the better situation.

Introduction and Background The development objective of improving the quality of life in local, national and international, and the human future will be based on a better understanding of structures that affect quality of life. The aim of this study was to identify factors affecting the quality of life based on justice between the villages of Ardabil city. Methodology This research is applied in terms of its purpose and based on the descriptive-analytical nature of which the approach used is of a quantitative nature. The statistical population of the study is 40 villages in Ardebil with a population of 37339 people in year 2018. The sample size was estimated at 380 people based on the Cochran formula and in proportion to the population of each district randomly distributed systematically between them. To analyze the topic, four indicators were used in the form of 44 items. For data analysis, single sample t-test and COPRAS technique were used. Findings The results of the research based on the COPRAS technique indicate this of the villages in the study area are not balanced in terms of the distribution of quality of life indicators, so that four villages are in very good, five villages are in good situation, 26 villages on average, and five villages in the area were poor. The one-sample t test results showed that villagers are satisfied only in the social dimension of their lives and they are not content with economic, environmental and physical indicators. Conclusion Finally, it can be said that spatial differences in quality of life in rural areas of Ardabil city indicate that most villages are not in good condition and access to quality of life indicators is not fair.

Aims & Backgrounds Analyzing how the international rail network is being developed and expanded from Iran to Afghanistan and China, either directly or through Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, can facilitate transport and cultural links with Europe and the Western world. Construction of a railway from Khawaf in eastern Iran to Herat, Afghanistan, and the creation of the Herat Railway Corridor to Kashgar, China are the main focus of this article which create a good basis to develop infrastructure, economic investment especially in mines and facilitation of interaction among countries. When this strategic plan is completed and implemented, it provides a good framework for infrastructure development, economic investment, especially mining, interaction and exchange between countries. The geopolitical and geostrategic position of this land makes it a geoeconomic situation. Conclusion Despite the important functions, threats and challenges to this strategic plan are; 1-Delays by the Iranian government in completing the Khaf to Herat railway, 2-Possibility of Russian railway extension from Mazar-e-Sharif to Herat and Kabul following the construction of a newly constructed railway from the Heiratan area on the Uzbekistan border to Mazari Sharif, 3-Possibility of extension of Indian subcontinent railway from Spin Boldak Pakistan to Kandahar Afghanistan and weakening Herat geoeconomic situation in near future. Any neglect of the railway construction on the Khaf route to Kashgar will result in irreparable international losses for European countries, China and the countries of the region, especially Iran and Afghanistan in the future.

Aims & Backgrounds Water is considered as one of the main sources for development in Iran, especially in the margin of desert. The lack of water resources is one of the main limiting factors in the life of a society and the development of economic activities. Regarding the fundamental problems of urban water supply in Yazd province, combined management of water supply and demand in order to balance the future supply and demand of water is considered as one of the long-term solutions to manage the water crisis. Methodology In this study, by developing a general equilibrium water status model, three scenarios on consumption and three scenarios in water supply at the horizon of 2018 to 2046 were investigated. Findings Based on the predictions made in all cases of supply shortages in Yazd province, even taking into account the most optimistic rainfall situation, 265 million cubic meters of urban water and taking into account the realistic pattern and ongoing state of the art in providing water resources of 1. 97 billion, there will be a lack of urban water resources cubic meters. Also, in the event of an increase in the drought wave in the province and the lack of optimal policies in the field of water demand, there will be 557. 5 million cubic meters of water shortage in order to provide the water needed by the residents of Yazd province. Conclusion In order to control the supply and demand of water in the province, in addition to the use of demand management policies such as optimal pricing, rationing and supply policies such as reforming the transmission system, the establishment of purification and separation of drinking water and sanitation, the need for water transfer methods from sustainable resources outside the province should also be taken seriously.

Aims & Backgrounds Gender geographers suggest that the formation of sexual identity is made through place differences. On the other hand ICT with an international world full of unlimited resources is competing with traditional and environmental resources in formation of women’ s sexual identity through modernism. Women in Ahvaz like other women in the world are not excluded and are challenging selecting their sexual identity through thousands of traditional and modern resources. Methodology This study is in the year 2017 trying to find out that today women’ s sexual identity in different neighborhoods of This City is influenced by which resource and how does place or information technology and communication effect on their sexual identity. The nature of this study is applied-theoretical and its method is descriptive – analytical. The basis of this study is the Field of behavioral and gender geography. The data collection method is a researcher made questionnaire and it’ s statistical Society are women over the age of 15 in Kianpars, Golestan, Manbaab neighborhoods Findings The results of various statistical tests such as Anova, Ttest, Tukey, … showed that the impact of information and communication technology on the sexual identity of women in the neighborhood is not the same and does not follow a specific pattern. But the place variable in this field acts as a moderator variable. Women’ s sexual identity is more oriented towards modernity in places of higher levels of development (Kianpars). In second level neighborhoods (Golestan) women’ s sexual identity does not show a dominant tendency towards modern or traditional and it is measured at the intermediate level and a combination of these two. But invert level places (Manba Ab) women’ s sexual identity tents to oriented weakly towards being traditional. Conclusion Spatial values affect women’ s gender identity building. And the place plays a moderating role in the impact of women on ICT.

Aims & Backgrounds One of the approaches to reduce fossil fuel consumption and their pollution in cities, is to pay attention to the climatic conditions and ecosystems of the region and to use renewable energy in architecture and the design of buildings. This subject in the case for Tehran metropolis is more important, due to the high concentration of population and the activity and, consequently, the great amount of constructions. The aim of this research is to determine the optimal building orientations through surveying the amount of direct radiation energy, received by vertical surfaces of buildings in Tehran city. Methodology The research method is descriptive-analytical and quantitative computational models have been used. In order to achieve this goal, taking into account the azimuth and the height of the sun at different times of the year, the “ Law of cosines” computational method and Q-BASIC software were applied to compute and analyze the amount of received direct energy on vertical surfaces of buildings in all months of the year and in 24 geographic directions. The most suitable direction for building orientation is determined through the maximum difference between the amount of energy in cold and hot periods or the highest percentage of radiation received in the cold period. Findings Based on the results of the research, the maximum annual amount of received solar energy in the city of Tehran belongs to the 150 degree South-East and West, and the lowest annual amount of energy is related to the walls facing the North; In order to get optimal solar energy, the directions of 150 degrees South-East to 210 degrees South-West are among the acceptable orientations (first to third priority). The best orientation for one-way buildings in Tehran is 180 degrees South. ConclusionThe best orientation for two-way buildings is the North-South direction and for four-sided buildings are (0, 180, 90,-90) degrees.

Aims & Backgrounds This article evaluates the relationship between land use patterns and sustainable urban transport indicators in Kermanshah City. that tries to answer the following questions: Is there a connection between the characteristics of density per unit area with walking tendency as a sustainable transport mode? Is there any relation between traffic safety and traffic calming? and finally, what is the relationship between the diversity of land use as a key quality in environmental response with walking as one of the most sustainable modes of transport. Methodology The method of this research is descriptive and the statistical population of this study includes all citizens of Kermanshah city in 2018. Using Morgan table, 384 individuals were selected as sample. Data analysis was performed using structural equations modeling. Findings The results of the research show that from the total of the three hypotheses presented, only density per unit area with walking tendency (P = 0. 206) was not related. The path analysis model in the standard state indicates a significant relationship between traffic relaxation with path safety (P = 0. 002) and a diverse and mixed usage pattern with walking distance (P = 0. 003). In addition, the concept of land use requires a new definition, with a focus on the diversity of applications and flexibility of the spaces. The result indicate that the use of land is mixed with short trips, and this encourages walking as one of the most sustainable modes of transport within the city. Conclusion The type of transport can be effective in terms of access efficiency. Physical relaxation measures can improve transportation safety. Increasing safety does not mean reducing traffic, but it means reducing risks and accidents and sustainability.

Aims & Backgrounds Today, the concept of capacity utilizing the maximum number of users who use a natural or recreational area at a given time without changing disturbance in the environment is widely used in urban management and planning. The purpose of this study is to determine the recreational range and tourism capacity in Mashhad area. Methodology The research is of a practical nature and data is collected through library and field studies. Initially, 7475 hectares of the area were selected as useful and usable areas for users through the registration of ground points and the preparation of a land use map using the GIS tool. In the next step, through computational formulas, three types of physical, actual and effective physical capacity were estimated. Five limiting factors were used as coefficients in calculating the actual carrying capacity of the study site and to calculate the effective carrying capacity, managerial parameters were used. researchermade questionnaire (Likert spectrum) was also provided to users with a record (384 people) in order to score the site management capability parameters. Findings Among the managerial factors, the highest points belonged to grocery stores (4. 8) and the lowest points belonged to the regional relief system (1. 2). Finally, the carrying capacity of physical, actual, and effective related to the study area was estimated to be 89700000, 1829880, and 969836, person per day respectively which shows a physical carrying capacity was much more than actual carrying capacity. Conclusion In general, the area accepts a significant number of users for recreational and sports activities. On the other hand, the area has considerable spaces suitable for the design and deployment of sports and leisure facilities. However, environmental and safety priorities must also be taken into account.