JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2020 | Volume:22 | Issue:1 (92)|Papers Count:30

Background and Objective: Today energy crisis and inherent environmental pollution caused by increasing consumption of non-renewable resources are one of the most major concerns of many countries including Iran and using of them is one of the most important factors to Earth demolition and climatic changes. Thus, numerous developed and enlarged countries try to extend the application and use of renewable energy resources. In this regard, the solar energy is one of the most important renewable and sustainable energy sources in the world and it mainly can be enumerated as the second largest energy sources in Iran after wind energy. This energy can be exploited in several methods such as flat collectors as one of the simplest and most usable systems that can be used in the buildings and solar chimney power plant. Due to daily and seasonal variations of the sun radiation, the optimal tilt estimation of collectors with maximum efficiency is very important. Method: This paper is based on a mathematical pattern and climatic data and the optimized tilt of flat collectors in city of Kerman is investigated. Then, by comparing and analyzing results of charts and tables, optimized tilt of flat collector at each month, season and annual are extracted and contrasted. Additionally, the percent of received radiation of each angle of plates in comparison to the optimized Angele are discussed. Findings: In the conclusion section, the optimal angle tilt of collector over the year including spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons besides the optimal angle building heating systems and outdoor swimming pools heating systems are also presented. Finally, efficiency of vertical and horizontal collectors has been investigated with respect to maximizing the efficiency of optimal tilt of collector over the year.

Background and Objective: Consumption of dissolved oxygen by organic substances in water resources result in undesirable environment for living organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of natural wastewater treatment systems and activated sludge for municipal wastewater treatment. Methods: This one year-cross-sectional study was conducted on wastewater treatment plants in Kermanshah province. During the study, sampling of raw sewage and effluent of treatment plant was carried out and the efficiency of treatment plant was evaluated by measuring TSS, BOD5 and COD. All the sampling and testing procedures were adopted from the standard method. Findings: The results showed that the annual average of BOD5 in effluent for Wetland, stabilization pond, extended aeration and conventional activated sludge was 55, 25, 21 and 23 mg/l respectively. Also the annual average was 143, 43, 40 and 40 mg/lfor COD, and 47, 101, 40 and 33 mg/l for TSS, respectively. For COD removal the conventional activated sludge (86. 97%) and Wetland (61. 6%) were the most efficient and least efficient systems. For BOD5 removal the stabilization pond (85. 18%) and Wetland (72. 01%) were the most efficient and least efficient systems. The BOD5 / COD ratio in influent were respectively 0. 56, 0. 62, 0. 59 and 0. 55 in these systems. Discussion and Conclusion: In all of the mentioned wastewater treatment systems, the effluent parameters comply with the Iran environmental protection agency standards and it can be reused or discharged to water bodies. Also it can be concluded that, for above-mentioned parameters the removal efficiency of natural systems was more than activated sludge.

Background and Objective: Due to the high use of polystyrene in food and medicine industries, it is particularly important to have antibacterial properties for these types of polymers. In this study, composite samples of polystyrene and titanium dioxide were prepared by using a twin-screw extruder. Methods: The samples were prepared by injection moulding process for mechanical and anti-bacterial testing. It was observed that adding TiO2 would improve the mechanical and thermal properties of polystyrene. Finding: According to the results of the natural weathering test, TiO2 as a semi-conductor photo-catalyst has an active role in the determination of antibacterial properties of polymer matrix. Results and Discussion: Micro and nano-scale of TiO2 improved impact strength, tensile strength, Vicat softening temperature and melt flow index of all samples. Moreover, the prepared mixture showed appropriate antibacterial properties against E. Coli and S. Aureus. It was concluded that the antibacterial properties of the nanocomposite sample are better than those of the composite sample because of smaller size and larger surface area of Nano particles.

Background and Objective: Future climate fluctuations are one of the greatest challenges facing humankind, which have a profound effect on soil and water as a source of agricultural production. One of the methods for assessing the caused damage is the calculation of the structural vulnerability index due to climate change or index (SVCCI). In this study, the index is calculated in Kurdistan province. Method: In this study, using data from 11 meteorological stations in the period 1380-1396 for 10 cities of Kurdistan province, the index was calculated. To calculate the components of the index, it is necessary to calculate the precipitation index, drought index and potential evapotranspiration in the region. Then, for each of the index components, the trend and instability in the trend were examined by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. Then weighting was done in different ways and finally, due to the different units of the index components of each component, the components were normalized by means of the equation (CN) and based on the results of calculating the index, the damage and the most susceptible areas in Kurdistan province to the fluctuations of climatic factors were identified. Findings: The results of this indicator showed that the mean value of the index in the cities of Kurdistan province is 51. 4. Meanwhile, Dehgolan city has the highest vulnerability and Saravabad has the least amount of vulnerability compared to the climate change fluctuations. Conclusion: The purpose of this study is to provide a method for mapping the economic vulnerability of climate fluctuations which can be the basis for future planning depending on the availability and reliability of data. So that decision makers can develop urban-scale policies to control more vulnerability to climate change.

Background and aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the ecological potential of the land in order to increase the level of afforestation. Method: Initially, gradient maps, altitudes above sea level, geographical directions, temperature, rainfall, humidity, soil, canopy percentage with digitizing data received from relevant organizations and agencies. To evaluate ecological capability, fuzzy membership functions were standardized. In the following, the criteria used in the evaluation were prioritized based on multi-criteria evaluation and analytical hierarchy process and using the Expert selection software, the final weight was determined for each criterion. Findings: The criterion of altitude from the sea level has the highest value in the criteria and the criterion of gradient has the lowest value in the criteria. The results of this study showed that ecological power is directly related to ecological factors, especially climatic and physiographic factors. The results of the ecological capability assessment for afforestation operations with AND activated show that 5566 hectares of land are located in a very high class. The results of ecological capability assessment for afforestation with gamma activated show that 3098 hectares from the area are very large in class. Discussion and Conclusion: Finally, considering that about 60% of the area of the study area is covered with forest, according to the results of ecological power assessment for forestry, this study can be effective in recognizing the forestry potential and as a result of forestry development in this region.

Background and Objective: Surveying urban land use and cover and process of its changes is one of the important subjects and challenges in land management field and urban sustainable development. Physical development of cities and spreading its range is one of the important factors in urban land use changes which have variety environmental, economic and social impacts. In several past decades, Tehran city has been encountered with urban growth and development and several around towns that the subject has caused variety changes in urban lands of Tehran and around area. Surveying and analyzing urban land changes in Tehran city could be useful in land use planning. In this research Tehran land use changes in the past few decades have been examined. Method: In this research, the changes are surveyed and detected by satellite images of 7 bands TM sensor of Landsat satellite from 1988 to 2010 and three time period 1988, 2000 and 2010. For this purpose, the images from TM sensor of satellite images related Tehran and around area have been used. Before preprocess states, the images have been classified based on urban lands classes including urban, agriculture, water, jungle, rangeland and bare land in ENVI software and analyzed based on image difference and comparing post classification methods. Results: Results show that in the period, urban lands has grown gradually and constantly and bare land also is increasing in a very low scale. Also rangeland has been decreased in past decade, but agriculture lands, in spite of decreasing than 1988, are faced increasing since 2000. Conclusion: In generally, because of developing industrial, military and tourism activities in around of the city, area of rangeland and agricultural lands is decreased and city area is increased which has different environmental and cultural impacts (mainly as negative impacts) in circumstance of the city.

Background and Objective: Global warming and climate changes are currently one of the most important environmental challenges in the world, which are the consequences of rising temperatures, melting polar ice caps, rising free water levels and changes in climate thresholds. Method: The present paper has studied temperature and rain effects as climate changes and global warming on real economic growth by using panel data method in provinces in the period of 2002 to 2012. Findings: Climate change affects the economic sectors of the country and this impact on the sectors that are more interrelated with the agricultural sector. It is noteworthy that due to temperature and precipitation trends in recent years in the provinces of Iran, which do not show a favorable trend. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that air temperature has a negative relationship with economic growth and is significant at the level of 5% and the amount of precipitation shows a positive and significant relationship at the level of 5% with the economic growth variable. With increasing global warming and climate changes, the economic growth of Iran's provinces is declining.

Background and Objective: Gilan province has a rich and precious vernacular architecture, which takes place in perfect harmony with nature and local climate. The aim of this study is recognition of solutions of vernacular architecture and applying them in new architecture to reduce energy consumption and thus reduce the adverse effects of built environment on the natural habitat. Method: In order to study the amount of energy consumption in vernacular rural houses of plain areas of Gilan using local and new material and methods, three types of vernacular houses in plain areas of Gilan(East, West and Central) are chosen, and their energy consumption using traditional and new materials are analyzed with simulation method. Findings: Based on simulation results, the amount of energy consumption during a year in Rafiee, Amini and Mohtashamtalab house with local materials is 1176/842, 185/03, 164/02 kw/h less than the amount of energy consumption with new materials. Discussion and Conclusion: Simulation results show that the amount of energy consumption in rural houses with local materials is significantly less than energy consumption using new materials. It shows that performance of Shakili foundation, Zegaly wall and Klushy roof in terms of the amount of heat exchange with the environment is more favorable than new materials and techniques.

Background and Objective: Drought is one of the natural phenomenons which have the most damages to the arid and semi-arid areas. Today the catchment of Uromieh Lake with large scale of population density is one of the most important environmental challenges, so that, because of low precipitation and decrease of water flows in recent years, the life of this lake has been in serious hazard. This catchment with 52000 square kilometers, and average of 200 to 900 millimeters of rainfall, has the water volumes of 22 billion cubic meters of water in all its catchment. There has been constructed several dams with reserving volume of 3 billion cubic meters on the rivers coming to the lake, in order to providing the needs of agriculture and human fresh water. Regarding the diminish of catchment area of the lake and the amount of water flow, prefect restoration of the lake is very rare. Method: In this research, we have tried to explain the impact of the factors of the crises with recognizing the causes of outbreak of crises by using Delphi technique, in order to accession of managing priorities. Findings: In this research, four main criteria and 21 sub-criteria have been identified the causes of crisis in the lake of Uromieh. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, there are four main criteria and 21 sub-criteria. Construction of dams with 23 percent and changes in cropping patterns with 8 percent of impact, are the most important and effective causes of crises in the lake of Uromieh.

Background and Objective: As the level of people's expectations and their need to create comfort conditions in different environments becomes more and more noticeable, so the climate and environmental conditions, the inevitable psychological and physical impact on human comfort conditions have. Therefore, determining the range of thermal comfort for each climatic zone in different forms of construction seems necessary. The purpose of this study is to identify the range of thermal comfort of the interior of multi-story residential buildings using predictive indicators of average views and average real views. In this regard, the forthcoming research will answer the question: What is the neutral temperature in multi-story residential buildings in Shiraz in the hot season? Method: In this research, different research methods have been used according to its various aspects, but the implementation stages of the research were divided into two parts: "data collection and information" and "analysis". Data and information required for this present study, based on experimental and field methods, the two main methods of questionnaire and measurement of variables using environmental measuring devices (Lutron LM-8000A and Extech T30), Samples were collected from residential units and then the necessary rulings were issued with their analytical, inferential and classification descriptions. Findings: Most people in all studied spaces were feeling warm at ASHRAE scale. The air temperature of the interior spaces and predicted mean vote (PMV) of the comments as well as the actual mean vote (AMV) of the correlation coefficient are incremental and positive. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that outside temperature and neutral temperature have a special relationship in warm months and these results are minor differences with other global studies.

Background and Objective: Walkable streets are considered as one of the most important contemporary urban spaces that there are still unknown dimensions of them due to not so long record in our country. This research seeks to discover the connection between closing the street on cars and the change in the traffic volume of automobiles in peripheral routes over time. Method: This applied research has been done by collecting theoretical information through documentary studies and local investigations using observation and interview method and is a descriptive-analytic research. The case study is 15th Khordad walkable street in Tehran. Findins: By evaluating differences in traffic volumes in 2011, 2014 and 2016 with SPSS software and based on One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), there was a significant difference in the average traffic volume of the vehicles in the study area and rejects the hypothesis of increasing the traffic volume of motor vehicles in the periphery area of 15th Khordad. Numerical calculations show that 15. 7% of traffic jams over a three-year period, and 20. 7% over a five-year period in the surrounding routes disappeared after creating 15th Khordad walkable street because of changing in citizens direction and travel time and using of multi-modal trips by business-men. Discussion & Conclusion: Therefore, it seems that a paradigm shift among urban managers about traffic effects transmission of creating walkable street to periphery areas is necessary.

Background and Objective: In order to study the effect of pesticides on soil biological quality, three herbicides and insecticides with the highest consumption rates, on soil eco-physiological and chemical indices were investigated. Method: The experiment was carried out as factorial in a completely randomized design with seven treatments of which were triplicated. The pesticides were applied as constructed by the manufacturer and then the pots maintained in a greenhouse condition for two months. Then, some of the soil eco-physiological and chemical indices were measured after one month and also after two months. Findings: The results showed that in comparison with the application of the pesticides caused a significant decrease in soil bacterial and fungal population, basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, and microbial quotient and a significant increase in soil metabolic quotient. The results also showed that the application of the pesticides has no significant effect on soil organic carbon. The results showed that, although soil eco-physiological indices decreased after one month, the indices increased after two months reaching the level that was before application of the pesticides. The results also showed that 2, 4-D had the highest and Chloropyrifos had the lowest adverse effects on the indices. Discussion and Conclusion: It could be concluded that application of the pesticides which are used in this work decreased soil biological quality short terms.

Background and purpose: Due to vicinity to several active faults, Tehran is treated by earthquake occurrence. The district 20 of Tehran (Rey City), where is situated in north part of central Iran, has been found as the most dangerous district which has the most blighted areas too. Assessment of earthquake risk and recognize safe and secure regions in district 20 of Tehran is this study’ s purpose. Methodology: The study is an applied research model. So in this goal oriented research which has been done by descriptive analytic method, GIS and fuzzy logic and multi-criteria decision-making methods were used. The criteria which are been used in this study have been extracted based on the Delphi method and through snowball technique and based on district’ s situation. Results: According to results, the district 20, has achieved a scores of 0. 17 to 0. 58 out of a fuzzy total score (1 score). It shows its moderate level of safety against prop gable earthquake. In contrast with the main parts of district, there are some regions in the western, southwestern and northern parts of mentioned district where are almost safer and more secure. Discussion and conclusion: Because of various faults and urban blight areas, the district 20 of Tehran is treated seriously by earthquakes. It is really vital to take some actions to implement some essential and fundamental proceedings in order to reduce the probable damages.

Background and Objective: The first step in design of municipal waste management systems is complete understanding of waste generation quantity. Forecasting waste generation is one of the most complex engineering problems due to the effect of various and out of control parameters on waste generation. Therefore, it is obvious that it is necessary to develop approaches to a model such complex events. The objective of this study is forecasting waste generation quantity using intelligent models as well as their comparisons and uncertainty analysis. Method: In this study, Mashhad city was selected as a case study and waste generation time series of waste generation in 1380 to 1390 were used for weekly prediction. Intelligent models including artificial neural network, support vector machine, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system as well as Knearest neighbors were used for modelling. After optimizing the models’ parameters, models’ accuracy were compared by statistical indices. Finally, result uncertainty of the models was done by Mont Carlo technique. Findings: Results showed that coefficient of determination (R2) of artificial neural network adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, support vector machine, and K-nearest neighbor models were 0.67, 0.69, 0.72 and 0.64 respectively. Uncertainty analysis was also justified the results and demonstrates that support vector machine model had the lowest uncertainty among other models and the lowest sensitivity to input variables. Conclusion: Intelligent models were successfully able to forecast waste quantity and among the studied models, support vector machine was the best predictive model. Moreover, support vector machine produced the results with the lowest uncertainty the other models.

Introduction: Environmental sustainability assessment is one of the most important tools in the process of sustainable development planning and therefore attention to it in policy-making and planning is inevitable. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to assess and evaluate the degree of environmental sustainability among the cities of East Azerbaijan province. Material and Methods: The research method is descriptive-analytical with an applied purpose. The statistical population of the study is 20 cities of East Azerbaijan provinces. In order to evaluate and rank the environmental sustainability, 13 indicators of environmental components of the cities of the province were selected from the statistical yearbook of 2012. These variables were weighed using Shannon entropy method was used. Findings: Findings indicate differences in environmental sustainability among cities in the province. So that out of 20 cities, 4 sustainable cities (Ajabshir, Bonab, Varzeqan and Marand with scores of 0. 0271, 0. 1510, 0. 1810 and 0. 2144, respectively), 2 relatively stable cities (Bostanabad and Jolfa respectively) With a score of 0. 2795 and 0. 3846), 6 semi-sustainable cities (Tabriz, Maragheh, Malekan, Schister, Khodaafarin and Miyaneh with a score of 0. 4755, 0. 5145, 0. 59393, 0. 5832, 0. 5933 and respectively 0. 6459), 5 relatively semi-unstable cities (Charavimaq, Harris, Kalibar, Sarab and Azarshahr with scores of 0. 6879, 0. 7244, 0. 796, 0. 760 and 0. 8125, respectively) and 3 cities (Osko, Ahar) And Hashtrood with a score of 0. 836, 0. 9001 and 0. 9999, respectively) are among the deprived cities of the province in terms of environmental conditions that have less environmental sustainability. Results and Discussion: The results of the research indicate that the cities of East Azarbaijan are in a semi-stable position in terms of environmental sustainability. In general, it can be seen that most of the cities in the process of environmental sustainability are in a semi-stable and relatively unstable state and need more priority to implement sustainable development plans.

Background and Objective: Deforestation and land use change of forests into simple ecosystems is as a global concerning and this problem also increases in Asia during the 20th century. This study aimed to study effect of land use change from forest to agriculture and abounded of agriculture on soil physical and chemical properties in Zagros forest ecosystem. Method: We consider similar conditions in terms of physiography by maximum different height in150 m and distancing less than 3 km including undisturbed forest (control), Long-term abounded of agriculture and continues agriculture. Findings: The results of one-way ANOVA showed that all soil physical and chemical properties had significant differences among different land uses. The highest amount of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium found in control and agricultural abounded. According to PCA analysis, control and Long-term abounded of agriculture land uses were strongly correlated with the same direction of the first and second axis. This means that soil attributes in these land uses were similar. Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed that change in land use from Zagros forest into agriculture had distinguished negative effect on soil physical and chemical properties. By doing long-term protection on degraded soil because of land use change can improve soil properties like forest soils conditions. The monitoring of applied management such as conservation management on soil properties according to the distance of plots studied using principal components analysis is possible.

Background and objectives: The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in recent years has led to increased global warming and climate change. Carbon sequestration in tree, vegetation and subsoil cover is the simplest and most economically viable way to reduce atmospheric carbon. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the amount of carbon sequestration of tree cover and soil in two urban parks of Kuhdasht (Shaghayegh and Shahid Beheshti parks). Methods: In order to achieve the desired goal, the trees of both parks were surveyed. Also, soil samples were collected at two depths of 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm from inside the park and land free of vegetation adjacent to the park (as a control) and prepared for relevant analyzes. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the amount of soil carbon sequestration at depths of 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm in Shaghayegh Park and its control area were 107. 7, 251. 65, 23. 52 and 45. 48 tons, respectively. In hectares of Shahid Beheshti Park and its control area, 11. 93, 20. 83, 32. 05 and 53. 13 tons per hectare were significantly higher (P <0. 01), respectively. Density and variability in tree cover mixing also had a significant effect on the amount of sediment carbon (sycamore 53. 13, Mashhad pine 31. 32, Tehran pine 32. 05 and ball acacia 12. 81 tons per hectare). In general, the carbon sequestration of Shaghayegh Park is more than Shahid Beheshti Park, and among the main reasons are soil texture (clay), high density and variety of tree cover, as well as proximity to the asphalt access road.

Introduction: In recent years, the uncontrolled tourism development trend in the coastal areas of Mazandaran province, without taking into account the sustainable development principles and land suitability, has led to adverse environmental impacts and further damage to this area. Therefore, the current study aims to organize tourism activities by providing a strategic plan and appropriate to the region to assist the land management process in mentioned coastal areas. Material and Methods: The present study has been carried out in three stages. In the first step, the Internal and External Factors Evaluation (IFE and EFE) matrices were prepared. In the second step, the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) matrix was developed, and accordingly strategies were presented. In the third stage, by preparing the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), the strategies were evaluated and superior strategies were selected. Results and Discussion: In the IFE matrix the highest weighted score was assigned to state of the environment studies and in the EFE matrix proximity to Tehran is the highest. According to the results, 25 strategies extracted from internal and external factors of strategic management of tourism in coastal areas of Mazandaran province. Based on comparison of mentioned strategies, SO3 strategy (coastal tourism development in the region based on the Integrated Coastal Zone Management) is the first step in the strategic management goals of coastal tourism. WT1 (Modifying tourism development policies based on strategic studies) and WT2 (implementation of environmental management mechanisms such as Strategic Environmental Assessment) strategies are respectively, in the second and third priority.

Background and Objective: One of the most important events in forests is the regeneration of forest trees on which the sustainability of a forest depends. Therefore, understanding the factors affecting the establishment of forest species can help us of better understanding the different stages of the succession of this ecosystem. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of forest development on regeneration of tree species in Zilaki area of Rudbar town. Method: In this study, a part of forest roads in Series 4 of Zilaki rood at the age of 18 was selected in terms of homogeneity of height, aspect, slope changes and species composition status and with sufficient length (500 m). In this road, 6 transect was designed and parallel plots were implemented at intervals of 1, 5, 10, 30 and 50 meters, with dimensions of 2 in 10 meters. The number and type of wooden trees and shrub species regeneration were sampled. Findings: According to the results, there was no significant difference between the mean regeneration of the species in the downstream (28. 8 ± 13. 9) and upstream of the road (32. 4 ± 12. 9). Analysis of variance showed that the mean number of regeneration between different intervals in the downstream and upstream of the road had a significant difference. In downstream, with a probability of 95%, the average number of regeneration were (39. 0 ± 7. 0) and (16. 1 ± 10. 4) at 5 and 1 meter of the road, respectively. Discussion and Conclusions: For the survival of any vegetation, the possibility of regeneration is so important and since the roads as the access routes to forest ecosystems are important both for humans and invasive plant species, road ecology studies is very important and valuable to monitor and control the impact of forest roads on biodiversity. So, the knowledge about the flora and edaphic conditions is essential to minimize the damage to vegetation and soil in the region influenced by forest roads.

Background and Purposes: Statistical methods are widely used in environmental studies to evaluate natural hazards. Within groundwater vulnerability in particular, statistical methods are used to support decisions about environmental planning and management. In this study, the optimized of DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC model parameters and land use layers (LU) were used to assess of pollution risk in catchment basin aquifer in south of Namak lake using of statistical methods. Methods: Information layers were prepared, rated (deterministic and fuzzy-statistical), weighted (original and statistical) and combined (by Index-Overlay method) in GIS environment. For modeling, from nonlinear regression for fuzzy-statistical rating (scaling) and the Pearson correlation coefficients between of nitrate concentrations with scaling parameters of DRASTIC, P-DRASTIC model and sensitivity analysis (removal and single-parameter) were performed to determine and modify of parameters weighted. Results: As result P-RASIC-LU and RASIC-LU model with statistical rating and weighting, removal-parameter sensitivity analysis, determine as best selection model based on correlation coefficient = 62%, P-value = 0. 01 and with parameters of net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, impact of vadose zone, hydraulic conductivity and land use with the weighty values of 3. 1, 4. 0, 4. 1, 3. 1, 2, 2 and 2. 5, 4. 63, 4. 15, 3. 03, 2, 1. 96 consequently. According to this model, western and southern parts of the aquifer has high pollution risk due to high net recharge and coarse-grain material in the impact of vadose zone, soil and aquifer media. Conclusion: Since reviewing of weight and rank of model parameters is limited personal opinions and increased model validation using statistical methods and GIS, It can be expected that favorable results to be followed for optimization of pollution risk model.

According to international responsibility law, the injured person's contribution to the injury will reduce the amount of reparation. International environmental law considered the injured person's contribution as one of the precluding of reparation for environmental liability, in addition to it considered as a basis for reducing the amount of reparation. The injured person's fault affects the determination of all environmental damages, including the cost of preventive measures. After the damage has been incurred also the injured person should try to reduce the amount of damage and if it is able to prevent and refuse to do so, contribution to the damage will be effective on Responsibility. When the injured person acts in spite of the assumption of risk, this principle can be applied. In addition to considering the injured person's contribution to the injury and conditions of implementation of that for environmental damages, this article tries to investigate the related issues of this principle in international environmental law.

Environmental regulation is one of the most important subset of social regulation. The regulatory is a framework for the implementation of the rules adopted the community and guaranteed to be the framework on the basis of legal standards. For example, a community may decide that one of its collective goals is to sustain the quality of its waterways. It might achieve this by promulgating a binding legal rule prohibiting any person from dumping waste exceeding a specified quantity into its public waterways, and imposing a financial penalty on any person who violates this rule. However, the same collective goal might also be achieved by imposing a system of tradeable permits that allows certain amounts of wastes to be dumped into public waterways upon payment of a specified sum. This research is based on library studies and descriptive analytical method and a new approach is sighted. Purpose of this study, is to explain the role of environmental regulation as a facilitator of the administrative structure in good condition along with social interaction. Also, is considered explaining the importance of regulation and rule-making. Regulation is including important social standards and strong enforcement of legal obligations in the community. The fundamental standards, is consistency in the field of public law and seems important approach is environmental Protection and Citizens adherence to environmental obligations.

Background: Today, heavy metals are used in many important industries and technologies, which result in the production of polluted industrial effluents that are harmful to human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of cadmium removal from aqueous solutions using a suitable new adsorbent for manganese dioxide nanoparticles. Methods: In order to do this, manganese dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized using cathode electrochemical deposition method and the effect of pH, contact time, MnO2 concentration and cadmium concentration on cadmium removal efficiency were investigated in a batch system. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), XRD and FT-IR were used to identify the characterization of synthesized manganese dioxide nanoparticles. Results and Discussion: SEM results showed that the diameters of the particles were 30 to 50 nm. The other results showed that the optimum pH value for adsorption was 7. Contact time enhancement and the concentration absorbent are omitted because they make the efficiency boost. The adsorption capacity increased and the adsorption efficiency slightly increased with increasing concentration of cadmium and reducing the concentration adsorbent. Experimental data were shown the best to follow Langmuir model. Langmuir adsorption capacity, was found to be 42/016 mgg− 1. The results also showed that the absorption of cadmium was obeyed from pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The overall results showed that the use of manganese dioxide nanoparticles was a suitable method with high potential for removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions.

Background and Objective: The steady increase in energy demand and the depletion of crude oil resources have led to the search for renewable and sustainable fuels. Biodiesel is the best alternative to diesel because it is environmentally friendly. Biodiesel is typically produced by the transesterification method. In this study, energy efficiency and the effect of reaction time and temperature as well as the molar ratio of methanol to oil on biodiesel production from waste oil were investigated. Methods: In this study, the energy of inputs such as manpower, edible oil waste, alcohol (methanol), catalyst (KOH), electricity and energy of biodiesel production machine and energy output including: biodiesel, glycerol, alcohol additives, water, soap, mono-glyceride and Diglyceride was calculated to calculate energy efficiency. Also, to calculate the yield, the weight of fatty acid esters and triglycerides of waste oil from the reaction was measured. Findings and Conclusions: The results of this study showed that these three parameters of reaction time and temperature as well as the molar ratio of methanol to oil affected the performance of the transesterification reaction by the conventional method. The molar ratio of methanol to oil was 6: 1, the reaction time was 60 minutes and the reaction temperature was 60 ° C with 95% conversion of triglycerides to fatty acid esters.

Background and Objective: Since the 1950s, the concept of psychological climate has been introduced in developed countries, which is effective in increasing self-esteem, academic and social success, as well as increasing the sense of belonging to the school environment. Increased class absenteeism, violence and anxiety, lack of students' social relationships are some of the examples of not paying attention to the psychological atmosphere. Method: Structural modeling of physical learning environment effects on school climate has been performed via AMOS ver22 software among 120 girl students who aged between 15 to 17 years old in three volunteer schools in Gorgan City and sample determination done by G. POWER via two questionnaire instruments, namely, TLEA and WHITS translated from English to Persian by the first author. Findings: As a result, effect of physical learning environment on school climate hypothesis, also modified model and confirmation of equation modeling has been done and according to the result, architectural variables from three indexes, namely indoor environment, outdoor environment and spaces for parental involvement on school climate improvement from the students’ point of view has been introduced. Discussion and conclusion: Providing group interaction spaces with green spaces, materials in relation to climate and culture, light and sound insulation of classroom setting to provide thermal comfort, entering green spaces into classroom, designing overall school building facade in relation to students' age, utilizing social spaces of school in times except of regular school days, providing convenient places in order to provide emotional bonds between students, their parents and school staffs, effect on school climate enhancement, increase of school connectedness and students' social behavior improvement in their future lives.

Background and Objective: In addition to environmental pollution negative effects on development process of countries, it can affect other aspects of quantity and quality of human life and on life expectancy as an important component of Human Development Index. According to undeniable importance of life expectancy and its role in sustainable development, public health promotion and optimal allocation of individual and national resources, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that affecting health quality; hence we assume that health quality promote through economic, social and environmental factors such as environmental pollution. Method: In order to investigate the effects of environmental quality improvement on life expectancy in Iran, we use statistical information of 30 provinces during the period 2003-2014 by using Generalized Method of Moments; and health production function estimated for this purpose. It should be noted that the carbon dioxide emissions has been used in provinces as an indicator of environment quality. Findings: The results indicates that environmental pollution have a significant and negative impact on life expectancy, In other words, increasing CO2 emissions reduced life expectancy in Iran provinces. The relationship between GDP per capita, industrialization index and literacy rate with life expectancy are significant and positive. But health's per capita expenditures, urbanization rate and lag pollution have a negative impact on life expectancy. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the obtained results of this study, increased pollution associated with increased mortality and reduced life expectancy. Since non-negligible negative consequences of pollution on life expectancy in the form of health index or human development is concerned, therefore in terms of the pollution component and its effect on measuring life expectancy in one hand could raise development level and in other hand it is associated with people health and environment; so environmental protection in a society’ s planning system can achieve sustainable development.

Introduction: Land cover and its configuration in the landscape are crucial components in the provision of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Hyrcanian forests have a long history (arising in the Jurassic Period) and are among the world's most valuable forests; the decline in the Hyrcanian forests is one of the most serious problems of recent years. Material & Method: This study aims at comparing multi-temporal land use and landscape pattern analysis using satellite images from 1984, 2001 and 2010. Land use and spatial structures were predicted for future time horizons in the Tajan Watershed by land change modeler (LCM). Also, the landscape patterns were calculated by FRAGSTATS 4. 2. Result & Discussion: The results show that forest was the dominant land cover (72% of area in 1984 and 46% in 2040) in the study area. The total area of forest was 8/4 times higher than the agriculture land cover in 1984 and 1. 8 times in 2040. The Largest patch Index (LPI) shows forest lands as dominant cover in the whole period. Also proximity index (PROX) in agriculture and pasture land use increase during 1984 to 2040. The Edge density (ED) will increase in the future for three land uses. The edge density will increase at forest land use from 2010 to 2040. An informed vision on past, present and future forest area dynamics may help guide and prioritize international decisions aimed at reducing forest loss.

Introduction: Increasing hazardous industrial waste and lack of necessary regulations for management of them have led to serious problems in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the situation of collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal of hazardous industrial wastes in the Shams Abad Industrial Park of Tehran, Iran. Method: The research was descipttive, cross sectional one. The data was gathered by first referring to industrial units and completion of Iranian Environmental Organization Questionnaire and then analyzing the gathered data. Findings: In the Shams Abad Industrial Park, 532224 ton/year or 1478ton/day of different industrial waste is produced. The biggest proportion of waste includes mineral wastes which are about 426048 ton/year or 805%. The smallest proportion in Cellulose waste is produced at a rate of 30. 36 ton/year or 0. 005%. 90 percent of the active industries at this park produce solid industrial waste. Results and Discussion: The result of this study showed that disposal of these wastes is mainly done by recycling and re-usage in other industries is about 85%. The best, most economic, and most environment-friendly waste management activity of the Shams Abad Industrial Park is prevention of production, increasing the potential recycling, and reuse of material with emphasis on sorting at the production site, increasing mechanical sorting, and decreasing production of disposable waste.

Background and Purpose: Drought and decline of Zagros oak forests has been raised as one of the main environmental issues in the country. The aim of this study was to investigate the network of activities, essential components and critical path in the decline of Zagros oak forests. Such research could pave the way for the transformation of crisis threats to ecosystem agility opportunities in the Zagros forests. Method: This study was conducted in Tang-e-Salak watershed for Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The program review and evaluation technique has been used to evaluate the times in the deterioration crisis management network. Data collection has been done in different categories of activities related to biological, social and managerial issues for oak decline management. In each activity group, the components of each group were identified and content reviewed. Finally, in order to address the issue of transforming degeneration threats into environmental opportunities, the organizational agility model in the Zagros forests has been used. Findings: The results show compiling and registering indigenous knowledge has taken the most time among the activities related to the participation of the local community. The results show oak decline threats can have environmental opportunities to strengthen the management information system, make optimal use of the facilities and decisions of organizations related to the Zagros forests, improve Zagros forestry projects, and strengthen social, biological and forestry subsystems. Turning these threats into ecosystem opportunities depends on managerial action in this area and can pave the way for the ecosystem's agility scheme in terms of responding appropriately to and adapting to environmental variables. Discussion and Counclusion: Crisis management needs to address all aspects of the needed activities to manage the Zagros forests. The activities covered in this study belong to all management trends and contexts, including the water management, planting, socio-economic issues, and the focus on one factor cannot be stopped on oak decline.

Background and purpose: The present practical research by surveying the evaluating factors of environmental education in NGOs is going to examine the present condition of NGOs according to statistics studies and distinguishing the backwardness reasons of these NGOs in environmental effective training for target societies and addresses. So in this case, the present gaps among the NGOs, government and public, unfortunate reasons to NGOs were recognized and removed. Method: Environmental education and NGOs are among the studied variables. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed to receive information about the educational activities of the seminaries and another questionnaire was designed to receive the opinions of intellectuals on environmental education and environmental semantics. The sample of this study was 125 NGOs that were selected among 760NGOs by random sampling and 26 environmental education experts filled those questionnaires, after filling the questionnaires at first step descriptive statistics were reported, and then the analysis of data was done by statistical software. Results: The research shows that probably, the condition of environmental education of NGOs can't perform the necessary education of citizens for protection of environment. The present quality of environmental education produced by NGOs must be re-examined. The determination of evaluating factors causes the promotion of quality of environmental education of NGOs. Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results of indicators investigated in this study, the quality and quantity of trainings provided by environmental NGOs were medium upward, but they aren’ t suitable for the lack of citizens, environmental information and awareness. Furthermore the determination of evaluation indicators and the ranking of environmental NGOs cause increasing the quality of environmental education provided to citizens.