JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2020 | Volume:22 | Issue:7 (98)|Papers Count:31

Background and Objective: Green space is effective in reducing noise pollution. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of tree species in the green space of Abadeh, as well as the number of tree plantation rows and planting width on decreasing the intensity of sound. Method: In this study, four stations in two areas was selected in Abadeh city including Shahid Chamran Blvd. and Northern Passageway and sampling was carried out in two turns in the morning and evening using the Cirrus sound level meter CR: 303 in March, 2018 and 25 data in each station and 400 data in total was recorded. Findings: The results of comparing the average sound intensity level measured in the two studied areas in the morning and evening with the Iranian national standard show that the average sound intensity level in both regions is higher than the standard; So despite the green space, there is noise pollution in both areas. The results of the study of sound intensity levels in Shahid Chamran Boulevard and along the northern passage in the morning and evening show that there is a negative correlation between the distance from the sound source (distance from the street) and the number of rows of trees planted and the average sound intensity level. This means that the greater the distance from the street and the number of rows of trees planted, the greater the amount of noise reduction. Discussion and Conclusion: The highest noise reduction in Shahid Chamran Boulevard is related to the distance of 54 meters from the edge of the street with 14 rows of planting with average sound intensity level for morning and evening of 65. 04 and 60. 96 dB, respectively, and next to the northern passage is related to the distance of 85 meters from the edge. The street was planted with 10 rows and there was a hill with an average level of sound intensity for the morning and evening of 65. 04 and 64. 08 dB, respectively.

Background and Objectives: Heavy metals are one of the most serious environmental problems that are spreading around the world. The present study was conducted to investigate the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soils by sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L. ) under two natural remedies including municipal waste compost and biochar (each at three levels of 0, 1% and 2% by weight) done. Method: Design experiment was done in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. After planting period, aerial and underground parts of plant have collected and some soil important characteristics and plant morphological properties and metals have measured. ICP-OES is used for heavy metals measurement. Statistical analysis of measured data for the analysis of variance in SPSS software and comparison of data from the test at least significant difference (LSD). Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the application of treatments used in this study in the concentrations of cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium and nickel of shoots and roots of sunflower and the amount of total cadmium and soil exchange. Urban waste and biochar compost treatments increase the uptake of heavy metals cadmium, lead, zinc and chromium into the soil by sunflower. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be generally stated that the sunflower species based on the values of TF, BCF and BAC indices can be used as a plant suitable for phytoremediation of contaminated soils in the region through the plant process. Introduce stabilization. According to the results of this study, sunflower can be used as an adsorbent of pollutants and is recommended in soils contaminated with heavy metals.

Background and Objective: Considering the importance of environmental protection and necessity of using new energy sources and innovative fuels, in this study, biogas production from sugar beet wastes using a batch lab-scale bioreactor was investigated experimentally. Method: All experiments were done at constant temperature of 37± 1 oC with using water bath. Four reactors with the same feed concentration and condition put in a circulated water bath. pH was adjusted in the reactors for the first 4 days on 7, 8 and 9. Substrate to inoculum (S/I) ratio in the reactors was constant and equal to 6: 1. Finding: In the over load mono-digester system with high S/I ratio, due to the sharp drop in pH, biogas couldn’ t be produced. By adjusting the pH, even for such a system, biogas production can be achieved, although the efficiency of the process is low. Discussion and Conclusion: The results revealed that, whilst biogas was not produced in the reactor with high S/I ratio, pH adjustment made it possible to generate biogas. Mole fraction of methane in biogas produced in the reactors with pH adjustment were 35-50%. Biogas production occurred with long time delay, so that after 14 days, very little or no biogas was produced. Maximum volume of biogas was produced in reactor with pH=8. Whilst in the reactor with pH=9, biogas produced with high methane purity.

Background and Objective: Water resource development plans have several environmental impacts, the most important of which are natural river flow change and downstream surface reduction of flow. Estimation of the environmental flow required for the health of rivers and downstream ecosystems are of particular important. A sustainable strategy is a revision of the allocation of water for various uses and an increase in the share of the environmental flow from the current 10% to (20-40%) annual yields of rivers. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the monthly distribution of the environmental flow of an indicating river with a permanent flow (Alandachay river) using existing hydro-ecological methods. Method: In this paper, seven hydro-ecological methods were used: (1-Tennant; 2-Tessman; FDC 4-Smakhtin 5-FDC shifting 6-DRM; 7-Water-quality method called Q-relation). The results of environmental estimation of Alandachay River were calculated using different methods. Findings: According to this paper, the environmental law of the Alandachay river in the FDC shifting method and with acceptance of the river conditions at the minimum ecological status acceptable (environmental management class C), at hydrometry station, average annual flow rate was estimated to be 1. 56 cubic meters per second, which considering the amount of environmental water, the highest calculated amount of all seven methods and was calculated 0. 39 by using Tennant method. The other remaining methods were between these methods. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this paper show the accuracy of the FDC shifting method with the environmental class C at the studied station at 1. 56 cubic meters per second as the bio-management class. These results show that quick methods of calculating the environmental flow used in Iran are mainly applied without considering the environmental conditions. This greatly reduces the accuracy of the results and even yields the opposite results.

Background and Objective: Excessive reliance on external inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides and the indiscriminate exploitation of soil and water resources is considered a serious threat to the quality of the environment. In this regard various sciences are looking farming methods that could be a good alternative to protect human health and the environment. Organic farming is a viable alternative between conventional agricultural systems to safeguard food security in the world in general and in developing countries is specifically mentioned. This study was conducted on the product market organic tomatoes, for this purpose some random questionnaire from the city of Shiraz was collected in 1395. Methods: In this study, Heckman two-stage method is used. Findings: The results show that consumers' willingness to pay around 2442/2 Rial had more than non-organic tomatoes. Variables of gender, age, education, household income and the distance from the place of purchase organic products have had a significant impact on people's willingness to pay. So that other than variables of gender and distance from place of purchase that is negatively correlated with willingness to pay more for organic products, other variables positively correlated with willingness to pay. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is suggested that in order to better access people to these products, by adopting policies, distribution networks should be further expanded in different urban areas. Also, considering the importance of people's health at all ages, it is necessary to adopt promotional and educational policies to lead the tastes of younger people to consume organic products.

Background and Objective: Fish farming projects are one of the human activities that can negatively affect the water quality of rivers. Therefore, reducing water pollution in fish farms is very important. In this study, in order to reduce the pollution of the effluent, various filters of natural materials were investigated. One of the problems that these filters may cause is the reduction of water quality by the materials used in them. The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in water quality of fish farms when passing through various materials to make filters. Method: For this purpose, a series of PVC columns with a height of 70 cm were used to study the changes in acidity, electrical conductivity of water and all soluble solids. In this way, the pipes were divided into two halves from the middle and a layer of geotextile was placed between each pipe. Then various materials such as zeolite, sugar beet pulp, wheat bran and fodder corn were poured into the tubes to a height of 10 cm and water was continuously passed through the columns for 15 minutes. Then, the inputs and outputs of the columns were sampled for 2, 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Findings: According to the obtained results, the values of electrical conductivity of water and total solids of water outlet solution initially increased and decreased over time, so that the mentioned values initially increased 275. 27 and 278. 4%, respectively, but eventually they came back to the initial value. Discussion and Conclusion: Comparison of the quality of the outflow water with the permissible values of the output to the river showed that in all the mentioned times, the mentioned values are within the permissible range and the materials used as a filter do not pose a problem on the quality of the outflow water.

Background and Objective: Today, many analysis of hydrological studies are applicable using ArcGIS, as a valuable tool for engineering analyzes. Determination of the geometry of the watershed and stream network extraction and analysis of physiographic parameters for morphometric analysis, is the most important step for hydrological applications. Method: Using DEM with 10×10 meter pixel size of Sarbaz watershed, was extracted physiographic parameters such as environment, area, branching ratio and drainage density using software ARCSWAT, HEC-GEO HMS, WMS and ARC HYDRO and was compared with watershed border area. Findings: The results of SPSS showed that they don’ t have statistically significant differences in the level of 95% between operations of software. So, the results of Duncan test represented that all softwares are placed in a group. Output parameters of the software in numerical terms was very close. Depending on the expert opinion and ease of use of any of the software can be used to derive physical parameters of watershed. Although the border area of extracted with ARCSWAT, HEC-GEO HMS and ARC HYDRO was closer than WMS with the truth visually. Discussion and Conclusion: Because of pre-processing process required the preparation of DEM in WMS software and the difficulty with this software compared to other software, WMS software less frequently used in hydrological studies. But in hydrological studies such as flood control, sediment and erosion due to consideration of more ranks of stream the WMS software could be more appropriate.

Background and Objectives: Drought is regarded as a serious threat for people and environment. As a result, finding some indices to forecast the drought is an important issue that needs to be addressed urgently. The appropriate and flexible index for drought classification is the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Artificial intelligence models were commonly used to forecast SPI time series. These models are based on auto regressive property. So, they are not able to monitor the seasonal and long-term patterns in time series. In this study, the Wavelet-Support Vector Machine (WSVM) approach was used for the drought forecasting through employing SPI. Method: In this way, the SPI time series of Urmia Lake watershed was decomposed to multiple frequent time series by wavelet transform; then, these time series were imposed as input data to the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model to forecast the drought. Findings: The results showed that, the maximum value of R2 and minimum value of RMSE indexes for SVM model are 0. 865 and 0. 237 and for WSVM model are 0. 954 and 0. 056 respectively in verification step. Discussion and Conclusion: So, the propounded hybrid model has superior ability in forecasting SPI time series comparing with the single SVM model and also it can accurately assess the extreme data in SPI time series by considering the seasonality effects. Finally, it was concluded that, the proposed hybrid model is relatively more appropriate than classical autoregressive models such as ANN.

Background and Objective: Excessive use of nitrogen pollutes water, soil and plant resources. One of the appropriate solutions in determining the correct and timely amount of nitrogen fertilizer is the use of chlorophyll meter. The purpose of this study is to reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers and prevent nitrate leaching and its entry into groundwater sources. Method: Using chlorophyll assay in leaves, an experiment using 6 treatments of nitrogen fertilizer including: 50, 150, 100, 200, 250 and 300 kg per hectare of urea source in a randomized complete block design with three replications, two locations and It ran for a year. At the stem stage, the chlorophyll in the leaves of the wheat flag was read using a chlorophyll meter. Considering the number 45 as a reference, the amounts of nitrogen road fertilizer at the stem stage were calculated and, if necessary, provided to experimental plots. Findings: With the recommendation of nitrogen fertilizer road using chlorophyll meter, nitrate concentration in soil and plants was reduced. In this study, the nitrogen fertilizer road recommendation was saved so that in the application treatments of 250 and 300 kg / ha nitrogen fertilizer was 25 and 21%, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: By using chlorophyll meter in recommending nitrogen fertilizer road in wheat, significant savings can be achieved in consumption. This will produce a healthy crop with less nitrate and prevent nitrate from entering groundwater.

Background and Objective: In recent years, new methods have been developed for analyzing spatial pattern of trees, and for verifying the spatial pattern, they need to complete map of spatial location of these trees. The use of these methods depends on study scale in a way that changes in study scale cause changes in spatial pattern. In this regard, present study aims to determine the optimum area of sample plots to quantify the spatial pattern of Juniperus Excelsa M. Beib. In southern facing slopes of Alborz mountains. Method: A plot with area of six hectares was selected and spatial pattern of trees were evaluated by using g(r) function. In next step, area of plot decreased to five, four, three, two, and one hectare and spatial pattern of trees were determined by using g(r) function and were compared with six hectare plot. Findings: The results of this function indicates regular spatial pattern in trees distances to four meter, cluster pattern at distances of six to ten meter, and random pattern shows in other distances. The results of comparing figures of g(r) functions in different area showed that the overall trend of this functions almost constant up to three hectares. Hence, in this study the appropriate area is achieved three hectares. Discussion and Conclusion: It should be noted that in structure studies to determine the best area of plot could reduce time and costs while increasing the precision of the study.

Background and Objective: Many of the environmental challenges of nations are due to inappropriate environmental behavior in the 21st century. Improving students' environmental skills as future decision makers and increasing their abilities and appropriate behavior with the environment, requires knowledge and awareness associated with it, so this study aims to identify the level of environmental behavior, awareness and skills of primary school students. Method: The study method is descriptive and survey type and its statistical population consisted of elementary school students in Indika in 2017. Among them, a sample of 245 people was selected using cluster random sampling method and the required information was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The apparent validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (for the variables of environmental skill, behavior and awareness, respectively 0. 79, 0. 70, 0. 84). Findings: Findings showed that 73. 5% of students have good environmental skills. 67% of students show strongly agree statement related to environment while 20% of them are agreed. Also, 72% of students are fully aware of environmental issues while 26% of them have a little aware. The results of correlation analysis revealed average of environmental behavior, awareness and skill of female students were more than male students and in terms of employment status of parents of students, the most awareness and environmental behavior belongs to those students whose father's job were farmers, and most of the skills were related to students whose father's job was an employee. The results of correlation analysis showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between environmental skills, behavior and awareness with the students' academic base. Discussion and Conclusion: Gender, parents' occupation and educational level have been effective in students' environmental skill, behavior and awareness. To improve pro-environmental behaviors, it is necessary to strengthen awareness resources to institutionalize the readiness and inclination to take practical action to protect the environment in the form of environmental skills.

Background and Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the sustainability of rain fed and irrigated wheat products in Golestan province. Method: The required data were collected from Golestan Agricultural Jihad Organization, Agricultural Jihad Agricultural Production Cost System and also by completing the questionnaires. Also, to weighing criteria and sub-criteria that determines the sustainability, some expert’ s opinions in agricultural economics, agricultural extension and education, environment, agronomy and plant protection were used. Finally, using aggregation of economic, social and environmental indicators, the sustainability of the irrigated and rain fed wheat in Golestan province during 2015-2016 was evaluated and compared. Hierarchical analysis method was used for achieving the research purpose. Findings: The results of this study showed that rain fed wheat in the environmental indices (fertilizer use, pesticides use, irrigation water, farm machinery and combined agriculture) with the score of 0. 679is more compatible with the environment than irrigated wheat with a score of 0. 331. Also, in economic indices (gross margin of agriculture, product gross margin, crop yield and insurance yield), irrigated wheat with the score of 0. 538 was more sustainable than rain fed wheat, with a sustainability score of 0. 462. Finally, in social indicators (level of education, age of farmers, labor sub jobs and family size), rainfed wheat with a score of 0. 56 is more sustainable than irrigated wheat with a score of 0. 44. In addition, the overall sustainability index indicates that rainfed wheat is more sustainable than irrigated wheat. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, it is recommended that wheat cultivation should be promoted with dehydration-resistant species.

Background and Objective: Human physical and mental health greatly depends on the climatic conditions of its bio-location. Identifying environmental factors creating or exacerbating diseases can be useful in optimizing decision making for prevention and control. The purpose of this study is to determine the spatial resolution of respiratory diseases and its relation with environmental factors in order to understand spatial distribution, cluster discovery and spatial prediction modeling. Method: The population of patients with respiratory diseases referred to the medical centers and the study area of Kurdistan province between 2007 and 1396. Regarding the dispersion of patients from spatial and moron standard deviations, we used spatial regression method to determine the spatial and morphometric variability of the samples using independent variables of dust, height, direction of inclination and temperature. Findings: The results showed that the area of the ellipsoid is three times the standard deviation of the northwest of the southeast, indicating that more than 99% of these diseases are spreading in this direction. Moran index 0. 82 also indicates spatial autocorrelation and disease numbers at a significant level of 99%. In spatial modeling to predict the spatial dispersion of a positive symptom disease, the coefficients obtained for dust and temperature with the disease indicate a direct relationship and the negative coefficients between elevation and slope indicate an indirect relationship with the disease. Modeling also showed that dust is the most important parameter in predicting the disease. Discussion and Conclusion: The value of R2 = 0. 88 indicates that the extracted model is able to fully predict the dependent variable, respiratory disease, in Kurdistan province, taking into account independent environmental variables. Using the prediction map, the regions with respiratory disease can be better identified in order to improve the decision-making process for allocating and distributing spatial services.

Background and Objective: Given the impact that climate change has on the planet, which is currently one of the most important challenges facing the international community, efforts to understand climate change events as much as possible are certain. The purpose of this study is to detect and analyze the trend of climate change, especially climatic elements of precipitation and temperature in the city of Sari in Mazandaran province. Method: The method of this study was to analyze the statistical process of climatic factors of precipitation and temperature at 4 stations (Sari, Amol, Gharakhil and Babolsar) in the period of 20 and 30 years (1987-2017) using non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and climate sensing software of the Meteorological Organization of Iran. Also, to determine the location of climate change more precisely, Arc statistics was used in Arc GIS software. Findings: The Kendall test showed that 3 stations (Gharakhil, Babolsar and Sari) had a significant leakage trend in terms of temperature rise over the 30-year period with U + (3. 87, 3. 80, 1. 75). But it does not show significant trends in precipitation. The Climate Change Detector also emphasizes that the temperature rise at these stations is tangible and this has led to climate change in this area. Earth statistic test also revealed that most climate change occurred in the area of Sari and changed from a mild to moderate state. Dissection and Conclusion: The area under study has undergone severe climate change, and this climate change directly affects the water balance of the region, increasing water requirements, decreasing soil moisture, vegetation density, rangeland capacity and agricultural products, and considering that groundwater resources are the most important source of supply Water is needed in different parts of the region, it also reduces the level of water table and reduces the quality of groundwater resources. In addition, this means reducing the frequency of precipitation, increasing rainfall, soil erosion and natural resources.

Background and Objective: Despite the wide application of de-icing substances to the roadways, the sewage produced can have negative impacts on local ecosystems. Hence, the present study was conducted for assessing the effects of road salt use throughout the winter in Hamedan on the hydro-chemical quality of Hamedan-Bahar basin. Hamedan is one of the major tourist destinations and one of the main agricultural poles in Iran, and thus, its water resources contamination may pose serious risk to the health of the whole country. Method: The modeling of under-ground water flow paths in the study area revealed that the flow of rain and snow water in the city is mainly towards Hamedan-Bahar basin (as one of the main drinking water and agricultural water supplies in the region). Therefore, the 24 wells in the study area were sampled and the hydro-chemical characteristics of the obtained water samples as well as their changing trends over the past 10 years were determined and analyzed. Findings: The results indicated a gradual increase in the minerals and solid materials in the water of the basin. This, considering the meaningful correlation values obtained (R2≥ 0. 89) between the salt contents and Cl-and Na+ concentrations, could be attributed to the use of de-icing materials. The rate of pollutants in some of the samples was found to be 10 times as much as the permissible national standard and international values. Moreover, based on the Wilcox diagram, the water in most stations could be classified as C3S1 (decreasing the soil fertility and resulting in ecophysiological abnormalities in crops) and even as C4S1 (completely harmful for irrigation). A similar distribution of de-icing compounds and arsenic were observed in the under-ground water of the basin. Discussion and Conclusion: The increase in the pollution and the decline in hydro-chemical properties of the basin due to the accumulation of de-icing materials, not only pose direct hazardous effects to human health and agricultural lands but can also intensify the mobility of the heavy metals in soil-water profiles of the region. Therefore, it is suggested that winter operations in the city be planned and carried out using modern methods and facilities (such as anti-icing program, eco-friendly deicers, asphalt mixture with anti-icing additives, hydronic heating pavement), so that the negative environmental impacts can be controlled as much as possible.

Background and Objective: Reducing fossil energy resources, the environmental impact of high energy consumption and increasing the energy consumption in the building section, has increased the importance of attention to building energy consumption in the country. Providing the standard of building energy consumption in our country is one of the important activities in this regard. This study aimed to determine the effect of different strategies to reduce energy consumption in the energy classification of office buildings as a case study by Design Builder software. Method: In this study, the total energy consumption of of an office building in Semnan climate was simulated by Design Builder software and the results obtained by the software, with the actual energy consumption of the building in 2016, which was obtained from the energy bills (electricity and gas) of the building, were validated. Then, using the energy rating of building, different strategies for reducing energy consumption were simulated and compared with the existing situation. Findings: Using energy simulation software, various energy efficiency strategies such as using external horizontal shading and removing internal shading, replacing windows with low-emitting double-glazed windows instead of single-glass windows and installing a thermal insulation in the external wall of the building were investigated that 15. 2, 18. 4 and 8. 2% reduction in energy consumption achived compared to normal case, respectively. Then, the intensity of building energy consumption for each of the proposed strategies were calculated and the energy rating was determined for each. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the replacement of external shading instead of internal shading had the least amount of savings and had no effect on the change in energy rating and the use of a combination of double glazing instead of single-walled and thermal insulation in the outer wall of the building while upgrading to the classification, the optimal suggested mode. Finally, the results of this study showed that in the case of accurate simulation of existing buildings and then validation the effects of different strategies on energy rating and consumption can be predicted accurately.

Background and objective: Groundwater heat pump (GWHP) system that uses the constant temperature of the groundwater as the source of the clean and renewable energy for heating and cooling, is applied as a strategy for energy saving and the CO2 reduction. In this technique, groundwater is extracted by pumping wells, passed through the heat exchanger and then returned to aquifer through the injection shafts. This research is aimed to assess the Groundwater Heat Pump (GWHP) System from hydrogeological point of view. Method: Regarding the mathematical similarities between transport of the heat and mass in porous media, the applied computer code of MT3DMS in mass transport modelling, was used in this study for simulation of the heat transfer in the groundwater system to assess the GWHP from hydrogeological viewpoint. Finding: The results show that a thermal plume is developed around the injection well due to the energy exchanges in GWHP system. This plume is regarded as an indicator of the impact of the injected water temperature on the underground source. Its extent and direction which are directly affected by the hydrogeological parameters is not fair from the heat transport aspect and finally the performance of the GWHP system. Discussion and Conclusion: Modelling results clearly show that with the change in hydraulic conductivity in relation to the type of the sediments in porous media, hydraulic gradient and porosity of aquifer, the extent of the thermal plume is changed, expecting impacts on functionality of the GWHP system. The results of the study can be used in utilization of the GWHP system in the country, of course after the technical-and-economic justifications.

Background and objectives: Today, sustainable activities are essential for maintaining environmental sustainability, and have attracted a significant part of the environmental economy. The occurrence of environmental pollution in the industry and its dissemination throughout the supply chain tend to overcome sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to identify environmental indicators that affect the sustainable supply chain in the cement industry and rank the chain of the industry in such a way as to prevent the occurrence of Prevention. Method: Method: For this purpose, factor analysis and fuzzy vikor decision making technique have been used. Finding: Effective indicators are identified and explained in four levels of sustainability, strategic, process and operational. Then, according to the determined indicators of environmental performance of the sustainable supply chain, 42 factories listed on Tehran stock exchange ranked. The results of the implementation of the model show that the stability level has the highest correlation with the current variable supply chain performance and this correlation is 44%. Operating surface weight was 40%, the strategic level was 23% and the process level was 12%. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that sustainability indices in the sustainable supply chain of the cement industry are more important in preventing the occurrence of environmental Prevention. And the sustainable supply chain of the Ilam factory has been ranked in the first rank and supply chain of Bagher Factory based on environmental indicators.

Wastewater reuse is considered as one of the important tools in the field of water resources management and environmental protection, the need to use it with increasing population is becoming more prominent day by day. This can be examined from different aspects and in addition to health and technical aspects, it also has various legal aspects that have direct and indirect effects on wastewater management and complicate the presentation of the pattern of use of these renewable resources. The main issue is that wastewater reuse, which may pose risks to public health and the environment, is based on legal principles? And if the reuse leads to hazard to people and the environment, how and on what basis is the relevant civil liability explained? Is this liability based on fault? Or should modern systems use pure or absolute responsibility in this regard? The current study tries to examine some of the most important jurisprudential and legal considerations arising from wastewater reuse with an analytical-descriptive method and based on the library process, and finally concludes that the reuse should be done with the principle of precaution and harmlessness. But if it leads to damages, the faultbased system cannot compensate for the damages due to the difficulties it has in the proof process. Therefore, the use of pure / absolute liability system and the promotion of specialized insurance in this regard are recommended.

Background and Objectives: Arvand River is a vast river in the southwest and on the border of Iran and Iraq, which is threatened by a variety of pollutants such as industrial effluents, fertilizers, chemical toxins and municipal wastewater that have adverse effects on the environment and ecosystem. The purpose of this study is spatial analysis of pollution changes in Arvand River using GIS. Method: In this research, pollution distribution modeling using GIS in Arvandrud river has been used using three-dimensional and hydrodynamic model of Coherence. The continuity equation, Navira-Stokes equations in three dimensions and salinity and temperature transfer equations are solved by separation method. The applied boundary conditions include temperature, salinity and discharge changes for the open river boundary and temperature and salinity changes and the application of tidal components O1, S2, M2 and K1 for the open sea boundary are used in the model. Findings: We call the outputs of the Coherence model, which are in NetCDF format, in the GIS environment, then georeferences the contamination of a specific time (tidal mode), and finally classifies it in the GIS environment. Discussion and Conclusion: In this regard, the changes in the pollution of the taxonomic river and the Arvand River are classified on a scale of 1 to 5, with rank 1 indicating the lowest degree of pollution and rank 5 indicating the highest degree of pollution. According to the percentage of area covered by pollution in different stations, it was observed that the highest level of pollution in the first station in the mode of mode and low water with a value of 32. 27%, in the second station in the state of low tide with a value of 32. 87% And in the third station, it is 28. 48% in fashionable and watery mode.

Background and Objective: Due to the severe shortage of water resources in Iran, the application of wastewater effluent for agriculture has become inevitable. Disinfection is one of the crucial steps in water treatment. Common disinfection technologies such as chlorination can effectively control microbial pathogens; however, undesirable disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are known to be toxic and carcinogenic. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare disinfection efficiency and regrowth control of microorganisms in urban wastewater effluent using gamma radiation and Ultra Violet treatments. Method: The pre-disinfection effluent (before chlorination unit) was collected from south Tehran wastewater treatment plant, Tehran, Iran. The applied gamma radiation doses were 0. 5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 kGy. UV disinfection systems were developed using a reactor with 1 L of liquid volume. The disinfection efficiency was evaluated based on the total colony count and total Coliform. For bacterial regrowth evaluation, the samples were incubated at 22 ◦ C, 100rpm for three days in dark condition. Findings: The number of total Coliform in all gamma ray doses was zero at the beginning of the experiment. The re-growth of total Coliform was observed at doses less than 2 kGy. In the treatment of ultraviolet radiation, at the beginning of the experiment, the lowest flow rate had the highest disinfection efficiency. However, after three days, the total Coliform population was higher than the allowed limit in all of the inflow rates. Discussion and Conclusion: Gamma radiation can be applied as an effective alternative technique to UV treatment for disinfection processes without bacterial regrowth.

Background and Objectives: Understanding spatiotemporal relationship between Land use/cover changes (LUCCs) and groundwater quantity changes is vital to efficient and sustainable restricted plain management. This study aims to analyze relationship between LUCCs and groundwater quantity changes in the Ardabil restricted plain. Method: The land use maps were extracted and classified from four Landsat images for 1989, 1998, 2009, and 2014. Then the classified images accuracy was assessed. The groundwater depth distribution maps extracted from piezometric data using Kriging method for the same times. REGRESS and CORRELATE modules in Idrise Selva package used to analyze relation between LUCCs and groundwater depth changes in the study area. Findings: Results indicated the incremental trend in human built environment (5. 1%) and agricultural land (10. 57%) at the expense of decreasing in bare land (14. 78%) and forestland (0. 88%). The average groundwater depth decline was about 6. 27 meters over past studied 25 years. All the obtained R values from REGRESS model were between 0. 35 and 0. 54 for different studied periods. The R2 values from CORRELATE for each cells confirmed the direct spatiotemporal relationship between the occurred LUCCs and groundwater quantity changes within the study area. Discussion and Conclusion: This study shows the ability of RS and GIS techniques alongside statistical models based on regression analyzing is useful to analyze relation between dynamic LUCCs and groundwater depth changes. The results and applied approach can be useful in efficient management, planning and policy making of restricted plains and also in identifying priority zones for land use and groundwater management.

Background and Objective: Today assessing the sustainability status is one of the best ways to measure the amount of desirability of urban Function. Due to neglection towards the role of old centers in promoting the social, economic and urban identity, the amount of urban issues and problems significantly increased and become more sever. The main purpose of this paper is to assess the relationship between sustainability components and evaluate the impact of these components on the sustainability of urban nabourhoods in the old geography of Tehran. Method: The Sanglag district was selected as the case study. Research data was obtained through field survey. The research method was descriptive-analytic and data analysis was conducted with the use of Structural Equation Modeling and Smart Pls3 software. Findings: The findings of this study indicate that the average of sustainability component and also the contribution of each component in detrmining the sustainability of Sanglag district are different. The appropriateness and access components, has the least contribution in detrmining the sustainability of this district. Discussion and Conclusion: Contemporary changes, both in terms of content and procedure, have hade a significant effect on sustainability of each district. In old neighborhoods, the main focus is on the performance and macro issue consideration, and with the organic, integrated, closed, centralized, and dense context there is weaker homogeneous consistency with minimum open spaces and green spaces. In Sanglae, we can modify and renovate the district with a proper management and increase the utilization and efficiency of the neighborhood.

Nowadays we are confronting with development of different kinds of space activities, the increase of space debris and pollution of the environment of outer space and the Earth due to space tourism. The other thing is that with the increase of the human intentions to space tourism, we can confront with more pollution of outer space. Therefore, studying the environmental duties and responsibilities of states who are the executer of space tourism is inevitable. Not with standing that outer space treaty and liability convention establishing comprehensive and acceptable rules for identification of states international duties, but there are some ambiguous points about protecting the environment of space. As these documents did not develop or revised with the development of this technology during these years specially the environmental pollution of space activities and space tourism. This article by using the descriptive-analytical method of research is about to answer this question that what is the environmental duties of states for safeguarding of space tourism? The aim of this article is giving some legal solution for prevention of the Earth and outer space pollution by quoting responsibilities of states with respect to space tourism and preventing from committing the environmental crimes thereof.

Background and Objective: Knowledge of the characteristics of morphodynamic river systems, Landform and its evolution as one of the most vital components of the Earth's surface that In many studies and projects, including the flood control, watershed studies, and environmental hydrology of the basic requirements for environmental planners. This study aimed to evaluate the changes of landforms and the KalShour riverbed in protected area ShirAhmad is Sabzevar emphasis on environmental considerations. Method: in the Research using topographic map and satellite images of Landsat, years 1988, 2000 and 2015. For this purpose, was determined changes kaleshor of riverbed and morphodinamic landform changes occurred in the study period of 27 years and Using maximum likelihood map landforms and account for the years of research and changes in any areas identified and analyzed and assessed. Findings: Calculations show that the rivers in the region of 8. 1 km2 kalshour shorter and less meandering, and become more the radius of the circle is tangent to any show that has become curved meander pattern to direct arterial. The map Landforms has changed was produced with maximum likelihood and overall accuracy0. 78 and kappa coefficient 0. 84. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show a large changes of sand dunes and vegetation especially. Based on the results, because of having high groundwater levels and also enter wastewater Sabzevar and. 31. 5 km2 of sand dunes volume reduction and conversion to fields Tamarix hispida and forest Tamarix. This issue is for the benefit of the natural landscape and on the other hand depletes water resources and soil and adverse impact on animal life protected area's Shirahmd that require special strategic programs in order to preserve natural heritage and sustainable development.

Background and Objective: There are different methods for assessing river water quality. One of these methods is to use the large population structure of bulk invertebrates. Accordingly, this study was carried out to evaluate the quality of water of the Smsami River using large invertebrates. Method: In this study, 7 stations were selected along the 10 km of Samsami River and sampling was done in a one-year period every 45 days. Data were collected as population measurements including total richness, EPT richness, EPT frequency ratio to Chironomidae family, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and biological index in Hallesinof family. Findings: The results of this study included 11 orders and 45 groups (family and sex) of the large invertebrates, the larvae of aquatic insects had the highest diversity and abundance. The maximum and minimum mean of total frequency per square meter during the study period was at station 2, (1694 ± 232. 72) and (314. 71 ± 13. 7) At station 7 respectively. The dominant orders in this study were Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera. Discussion and Conclusion: Evaluations showed that in stations 2 and 6, due to the entry of rural wastewater and fish farming, the quality of river water has changed and the frequency and frequency of infected families have decreased and contaminated groups have increased. Based on this, it can be concluded that the use of the measurement of the diversity and abundance of large invertebrates as an indicator of the biological contamination of water is a good way to evaluate the water quality of the river.

Background and Objective: Dams play an important role in development of countries by drinking and agricultural water supply, flood control, hydropower energy supply and recreational purposes. Constructing a dam and making an artificial lake has an important effect on surrounding environment, so being able to forecast the inflow to the dam is an important issue for water resource management. Method: In this study artificial neural network (ANN) was applied to forecast the monthly inflow from Soofichai River to Alavian Dam. Regarding the huge amount of input data to ANN model and for optimizing its application, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was used in order to determine the best inputs for ANN model. Finally, the application of ANN and POD-ANN models was evaluated by determination coefficient (R2), mean absolute error (MAE) and average of absolute relative error (AARE). Findings: Results of ANN and POD-ANN models indicated that although ANN output is close to the observed values of inflow to the dam, but it has significant errors. POD-ANN model showed better results than ANN model for high values of inflow. In generall, comparing R2, MAE and AARE values of two models revealed that POD-ANN model had better performance in both calibration and verification steps in comparison with ANN model. R2, MAE and AARE in verification step of PODANN model were 0. 93, 0. 79, and 0. 54, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Preprocessing data contributes to better performance of POD-ANN than ANN model, especially in high values of inflow. Therefore, it can be concluded that applying data preprocessing and reducing inputs to ANN model enhances its performance.

Background and Objective: Groundwater dams are structures that have the ability to block subcortical water, retain water in local aquifers or divert water to adjacent aquifers, raise groundwater levels, store and make available groundwater. Taking into account the environmental and socioeconomic benefits of underground dams, proper location is the first step in the construction of these dams. New and innovative methods for correct location reduce the risks associated with improper location and construction of underground dams. For this purpose, in this research, through the use of multi-criteria decision-making methods along with the high capabilities of ArcGIS software, suitable location of underground dams in the eastern part of Gorganrood watershed in Golestan province has been done. Method: Criteria were considered including slope, drainage, geology, topography, land use, fault, soil texture, and positions of village. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to weighting the criteria. Then the TOPSIS technique is used to integrate criteria maps and locating underground dams. Findings: A consistency rate of 0. 03, showed a relatively high accuracy of weighting process. Considering the normal weights, slope and positions of village were found to be the most and the least effective criteria, respectively. The results showed that the study area is classified into four categories for constructing underground dams: very suitable, suitable, partly suitable and unsuitable. The unsuitable category has the highest percentage of the surface area (76. 7 percent) and the very suitable category has the lowest percentage of the surface area (2. 1 percent). Discussion and Conclusion: In conclusion, with considering high capacities of multiple-criteria decision-making methods and GIS in locating underground dams, as expert opinions are more accurate and data are newer and it is more possible to get better results from these techniques and tools.

Background and Objective: The phenomenon of air pollution in urban and industrial areas is one of the most important environmental problems that threaten human health. Among these pollutants, heavy metals contained in air dust can enter the human body directly through ingestion and breathing, or through ground falls to the surface of the earth, and after contamination of water resources and entering the structure of plants through Water and food enter the body. This study aimed to determine the concentration of lead and cadmium contaminants in the dust of the yard of selected schools in Tehran. Method: A total of 24 dust loss samples were collected from the courtyard of eight selected schools, due to the dispersion of these areas in Tehran during the fall. Then, the values of heavy metals of lead and cadmium were measured by a flame atomic absorption. Findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the concentrations of metals in different stations; also, the results showed that all stations studied were very high in terms of ecological risk index for living organisms. Discossion and Conclusion: In general, the results show that in areas with high traffic load and high traffic in Tehran, the highest pollution and high ecological risk were not available in other regions.

Background and Objective: Awareness of the quality of groundwater resources in the planning and sustainability management of water resources is a particular importance. This study aimed to investigate the Spatial and temporal variations in groundwater quality, to select the best index and its zoning for managing the groundwater resources of Hamedan-Bahar plain. Method: In this study, to determine the process of changes in water quality parameters, the groundwater quality indices and its zoning were used from the chemical data of the groundwater of Hamedan-Bahar plain in the period 2005 to 2014. The physical and chemical parameters of water including TDS, Na, SO4, TH and pH were measured in 25 wells and by applying two non-parametric, Mann-Kendall tests and estimating the Sen's slope, the existence of a significant trend for the annual time series was evaluated at 95 and 99% significance level. Water Quality indices (WQI, WQIAmerican and CWQI) were evaluated annually and Giljanovic comparison method was used to compare the indices. Then, by using the GIS, the most appropriate interpolation method (from among IDW, RBF, LPI and GPI) was selected to zoning the best water quality index. Findings: The results of this study showed that 4% of the qualitative variables had a significant increase, 12% had a significant decrease and 84% without a trend. Based on the existing conditions, groundwater quality of Hamedan-Bahar plain was characterized by good, good and bad grades using WQI, WQIAmerican and CWQI indices respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the results of comparing different interpolation methods, RBF method was superior to other methods, and it has high accuracy and low error. Therefore, the interpolation was carried out with this method. In the end, the comparison the spatial zoning maps of the WQI index showed that at the beginning and the end of the 10-year statistical period, the index had a decreasing trend in the whole plain.