JOURNAL OF BORDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2020 | Volume:8 | Issue:4 (31)|Papers Count:7

The research conducted on development in recent decades has focused on border areas. Residents of border areas are constantly in contact with a phenomenon called smuggling and their livelihoods are affected by that. Therefore, the extent to which the villagers are affected by the smuggling of goods is the research question of the present study. In this research, its analysis and the effects on the livelihood of border villages and their lifestyle have been addressed. The research method is quantitative-survey whose data are collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population includes the border villages of Marivan city, which are located at a maximum depth of 25 km. In selecting the sample, cluster sampling method was used in three levels of distance of 5, 15, and 25 km, in which 380 households were examined as statistical samples. ARC GIS software was employed to draw the maps and the resulting data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS software. The results show that people who have a livelihood related to goods smuggling are at a higher level in terms of economic capital, but have a lower level in terms of human and social capital. Also, most border residents believe that the smuggling of goods has a positive effect on their living conditions, and if the borders are blocked, their economic situation will be affected.

Today, the source of many fights and regional conflicts is between the states that have common watersheds. The emergence and formation of natural waterways, which are the rivers, are influenced by various factors, such as climatic conditions, geology, human and geographical factors. Rivers with common border areas can have a significant impact on relations between the two countries, especially their political and security issues. Joint river basins, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, have experienced significant declines in recent years and have had an impact on the country's border areas in various dimensions. The Hirmand and Farahrood rivers are no exception to this rule, and the problem of water scarcity has changed the economic situation in the border city of Nehbandan. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Hirmand and Farahrood rivers on the economic security of the eastern regions of Iran in Nehbandan city. The research method is descriptive-survey and library and field studies have been used to collect the data. The statistical population of the research included the two cities of Bandan, Shosaf and Nehbandan border regiment with 12, 522 individuals. According to the statistical population size, using the Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 373 individuals, and the sampling was done using stratified random sampling method among the statistical population. The validity of the items in the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, and the reliability of the questionnaire was measured by Cronbach's alpha method as 0. 838, which indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results of evaluating the effects of river water reduction on the economic component using confirmatory factor analysis showed that the economic welfare component (0. 856); Family Injury component (0. 834); Agricultural component (0. 908); Employment and Entrepreneurship component (0. 849); Immigration component (0. 780); Investment Component (0. 790); The productivity component (0. 775) and the Sense of security component (0. 783), in general, have the greatest impact on economic security.

Since border areas are one of the most sensitive points in the country, recognizing the impact of Islamic border guarding management factors on the security of these areas is one of the most important points in understanding security vulnerabilities for preventing any anti-security tensions and actions. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of border management on border security with the Islamic border guarding approach in Piranshahr city. In terms of its objectives and nature of the problem this study is of an applied research type, and in terms of research method it is considered as a survey research. The statistical population includes the border guards of Piranshahr city in 2019 with 645 individuals. The sample size was set at 241 individuals according to Cochran's table. The data were collected f using a questionnaire, whose face and content validity was confirmed by experts and the construct validity was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis; the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. SPSS 23 and Smart PLS statistical software were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that border guarding has a direct and significant effect on border guarding from the Quran's point of view with a path coefficient of 0. 792, border guarding from the point of view of narrations and Islamic rules with a coefficient of 0. 774, and border guarding from the point of view of Nahj al-Balagha with a path coefficient of 0. 669. As a result, border management has a positive and significant effect on border security with an Islamic approach.

Due to the competition of regional and trans-regional powers, the Caspian Sea has become a tense and unstable environment after the collapse of the Soviet Union. As a result, the region's movement towards militarization, and ultimately the military structure of the countries in the region has expanded significantly. Quantitative and qualitative increase in new naval vessels is one of the measures taken by coastal countries. Given this, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the use of new vessels on the security of the Caspian Sea borders. In terms of its objectives this study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is considered as a descriptive-survey study. The statistical population of the study is 70 commanders of vessels of Mazandaran Province Sea Guard Command. The sampling method in this study included all the samples and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The validity of the present questionnaire has been confirmed by obtaining the opinion of elites and experts and the reliability of the questionnaire has been confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test with a coefficient of 0. 912. SPSS software has been used to analyze the obtained data. The obtained findings show that the level and class, quantity and number, equipment and facilities of new vessels have a direct impact on the security of the Caspian Sea borders in Mazandaran province. The results also show that the Islamic Republic of Iran has the lowest growth rate of military and security expenditures in the Caspian litigation among the five Caspian littoral states, while Russia has the best vessels, equipment and floating facilities and can be a good model for the Islamic Republic of Iran in strengthening the Coast Guard and how to control and monitor the Caspian Sea borders.

Border security is a strong support for security with its various dimensions within the country, and any insecurity at the border is able to disrupt the economic, cultural, political, social and military systems within the country, and in return, the desired security is able to have a very prominent share in the country. The purpose of this study is to investigate the political and social factors affecting the cooperation of border residents in improving the security of border areas of Urmia. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey type. The statistical population includes all commanders and successors of border units, security officials and political and security deputies, which are 120 individuals in total. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results of the research show that, from the point of view of border residents, participation in the implementation of security projects increases the sense of cooperation among the people of the region. The level of awareness of the respondents about the methods of improving the security of the border indicates the average awareness of the respondents from different aspects of the plans to improve the security of the border areas.

Public diplomacy with a peaceful coexistence strategy in Islam has a long history and its history dates back to the reign of the Prophet (PBUH). In fact, the Prophet of Islam (PBUH), in addition to using diplomacy in its traditional and conventional framework, has used public diplomacy to communicate with nations and fulfill his global mission. But in the meantime, one of the most important aspects of the life of the Prophet (PBUH) is the life of the public diplomacy of the Prophet (PBUH); that is, the methods of communication and diplomacy used by the Prophet (PBUH) led to the spread of Islam and its teachings, first among the Arab inhabitants of the central regions of the Arabian Peninsula and then throughout the world. This research seeks to answer the basic question of what methods have been used in the strategy of peaceful trans-border and intra-border coexistence in the public multilateral diplomacy of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH). The research method is descriptive-analytical. Findings show that the public diplomacy of the Prophet of Islam with the strategy of peaceful coexistence has been able to play a role by using it at three levels and through this interaction has increasingly influenced the policy of peaceful coexistence inside and outside the country. The Prophet (PBUH), with characteristics such as openness, empathy, support, positivism and equality, emerged praiseful the methods of communication and public diplomacy through private and public invitation; Peaceful political method; Various treaties with intra-ethnic tribes and border neighbors.

Establishment of border markets is one of the most well-known methods of economic development of border areas, which has been able to create a dramatic change in production, employment, stabilization of border population, increase in income, and ultimately development and sustainable security in these areas. The present study examines the role of Mahirood border market in the security of Nehbandan border region. This study is of an applied research type and descriptive-analytical. Its statistical population includes all exhibitors, merchants, workers, employees of the private and public sectors in the Mahirood border market, and local trustees of the region (N=100) in 2019, all of whom were questioned. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined with Cronbach's alpha and was estimated to be 0. 88 for the whole questionnaire. Face validity was employed to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire using the opinions of experts. The data were collected and analyzed using SPSS 24 software. According to the findings of the statistical population, Mahirood border market has achieved its goals, which is to achieve border security in Nehbandan region, by 51%, and people believe that the goals of the market have been achieved. These statistics show the positive role of the market in the border area for the people. In other words, all research hypotheses regarding the role of Mahirood border market activity in the realization of border security of Nehbandan region in different dimensions of development and stabilization of residents (82%), reduction of migration (92%) and expansion of regional infrastructure (85%) had a significant effect and have been confirmed. Accordingly, the major policies of the Islamic Republic in the development of border markets have been achieved with the aim of creating sustainable security in border areas, so it is necessary to expand this policy, of course, in accordance with the principle of using local forces and export development in other sectors.