JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT (QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES)
Year:2021 | Volume:14 | Issue:1 (52)|Papers Count:9

Inroduction & Objective: Major plantain is one of the medicinal plants that is used for treat diseases in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of plantain major (Plantago major L) extraction on several growth indices and nutritional efficacy in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 204 common carps with an average weight (18. 69 ± 2. 09 g) in 4 treatments and each treatment with 3 replicas including: control (without Extract of plantain major Extract), 0. 1, 0. 5 and 1% of the extraction distributed in kilograms of food, feeding the fish twice a day, with 3% of body weight and the experimental period was 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment period. Results: The results showed growth indices (weight gain, weight gain percentage, specific growth coefficient, daily weight and percentage of daily weight gain) and some nutrition indices (feed conversion coefficient and feed efficiency coefficient) with no significant difference with the control group (P> 0. 05). The highest and lowest weight gain, weight gain percentage and condition factor were observed in the 0. 1% extraction diet and control group, respectively. The highest and lowest specific growth coefficients were observed in 0. 1% and 0. 5% extraction diet and control groups, respectively. The lowest feed conversion coefficient was observed in 1% extraction diet and the lowest feed efficiency coefficient was observed in the control group. Conclusion: According to the results, different levels of extraction had no significant effect on growth performance and nutritional efficiency.

Inroduction & Objective: The use of molecular markers, especially microsatellite markers provides very valuable information about the existing genetic structure under study. This information can be used to protect an endangered species or to investigate the location of genes affecting quantitative traits (QTL). The purpose of this study was to emphasized the importance of microsatellite markers for the study of genetic diversity in Markhoz goats and their use in conservation strategies. Material and Method: In this study, blood samples were taken from 240 Markhz goats in Kurdistan province randomly. DNA extraction from whole blood samples was performed by salting out method. Then, the genetic diversity of 30 microsatellite markers was investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Alleles of each individual were identified using silver staining method. Genetic parameters related to the genetic structure of Markhoz goat were calculated using POPGENE software. Results: The quality of sperm parameters in copper sulfate with a concentration of 200 mg / kg decreased significantly (Except for INRA040 marker, all markers used were well amplified. Among the amplified markers, MCM136 showed low polymorphism but other markers had high polymorphism. ILSTS030 markers with 6 alleles and MCM136 markers with 3 alleles produced the highest and lowest number of alleles, respectively. ILSTS030 marker showed the highest (0. 7504) and MCM136 marker showed the lowest (0. 0158) expected heterozygosity. Conclusion: Microsatellite markers seem to be a useful and reliable tool for identifying goat breeds and their use can be a solution to protect endangered breeds.

Inroduction & Objective: The presence of neural precursor stem cells (NSCs) in some parts of the adult brains and the potency of these types of cells for the acceleration of the proliferation and differentiation processes with a therapeutic viewpoint is another beneficial facet of the application of neural precursor stem cells in cell biology. Quercetin, as an herbal flavonoid, has been extensively investigated and shown to have numerous effects on some cell-lines and disorders. We aimed to investigate the impact of quercetin, on proliferation and differentiation of NSCs derived from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult rat brains. Material and Methods: The isolated SVZs were mechanically minced into pieces through repeated pipetting in phosphate-buffered saline, incubated with 0. 25% trypsin and treated with trypsin inhibitor; then centrifuged to obtain the cell suspension. The obtained cell suspension was cultured for one week to achieve neurospheres. When the cells reached confluence of 70-80%, they were sub-cultured for three passages and in the third passage, quercetin was treated with the cultured cells at the concentrations of 1, 5, and 15 μ M. Methods such as Real time-PCR, MTT assay and ImageJ software, have been used to validate differentiation and proliferation of cells. Results: The results indicated that the differentiation rate of NSCs is affected by various concentrations of quercetin in a dose-dependent manner so that 1µ M quercetin had the least, and 15µ M quercetin showed the most effects on cell differentiation. However, 1µ M quercetin exhibited no significant cell toxicity, the most antiproliferative potential showed when treated with 15µ M concentration quercetin.

Inroduction & Objective: Spleen, liver and pancreas are important in mammals and birds respectively because of the largest organ of lymphatic system, body's largest gland and digestive secretions. The aim of this study was to investigate structural features of the above organs in Calandra Lark. Material and Methods: Twenty male and female Calandra larks selected and their liver, pancreas, and spleen were studied morphologically Subsequently, tissue samples of three males and three females were obtained and samples were stained using hematoxylin and eosin method. Results: Liver has two lobes in all Calandra Larks, including right lobe and left one. Posterior edge of left lobe is lack of incision and isn’ t divided into two pieces. Gallbladder is a pear-shaped extended visceral surface of right lobe and time it is filled characterized at the rear of posterior edge. The spleen is in the form of straightforward to curved bar in brown-red colour and is located in posterior part of the visceral surface of left lobe of liver. Pancreas is a long organ which is located between ascending and descending arms of duodenum and it is composed of two lobes. Gleason capsule doesn’ t penetrate into liver's parenchyma; hence, lobule of tissue is unknown. A connective muscle capsule surrounds spleen, but trabeculae branches of it don't penetrate into the parenchyma. Outside of parenchyma, a very delicate capsule of loose connective tissue covers pancreas. Very delicate and short blades of the capsule are penetrated into the gland and it is divided into lobules. Conclusion: The results indicate that liver, spleen, and pancreas of Calandra lark have many similarities to Fringillidae, particularly Turdus merula.

Inroduction & Objective: For many years, behavioral research derived from neural networks has always had a special place. Because cognitive and behavioral assessment is the basis of all electrophysiological and molecular studies and should be somehow related to behavioral studies. The purpose of this design and construction is to simultaneously integrate and evaluate animal model behaviors in one device. Material and Methods: Studying animal models has been crucial for gaining insight about the structure and function of the nervous system. For investigating behavioral tasks, scientists need to design or choose a box containing each stimulus they want to check. The advantage of this experiment as opposed to most others is the use of different types of memory and learning in addition to Egocentric and Allocentric navigation. The experiment is a multi-path water maze wherein through each path different factors are examined. Three platforms are situated in the maze. Upon the mouse entering the two paths, one covered with mirrors the other containing a ball, moving platforms are activated and the final platform becomes accessible with a sound effect after the paths have been traversed. When the platforms are elevated, a dim light is turned on. After the mouse has stood on a platform for a few seconds the platform moves and drops the mouse back in the water. When the mouse tries to enter the secondary path, a flashing light appears to prevent it from doing so. Through the experiment, spatial cues have been placed to differentiate directions. Results: Instinctive memory and latent learning of the mouse are evaluated in the watery environment, its semantic memory through the identification of moving platforms, and procedural and associative memory through finding the link between maze sensors and conditioning on the lights. The multifunctional nature and unique complexities of the proposed experiment, will allow the researcher to evaluate the aforementioned factors.

Inroduction & Objective: Problems and complications associated with liver enzyme changes can be regarded as some effects of Diabetes Mellitus. Using a nutritional approach is a significant part of the prevention, control and treatment process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of walnut oil enriched with beta-cytosol on blood parameters of liver function in diabetic rats. Material and Method: The study sample consisted of 30 mice divided into 5 groups of 6 rats, where each group was kept in a separate cage. Five treatments were considered in this experiment, where control group received normal saline, the second treatment were given pure walnut oil without the addition of β sitosterol and the other three groups were gavaged with 30, 45, 60 mg / kg β-sitosterol. After 4 weeks of gavage, the next stage of blood sampling was performed. Insulin and blood glucose were measured after blood serum separation along with the measurement of blood factors such as cholesterol, triglyceride, highdensity cholesterol (HDL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and albumin. Results: Significant differences existed among the mean values of the tests in the control group and the intervention groups without, with 30 mg/kg, with 45 mg/kg, and with 60 mg/kg β-sitosterol. These significant differences among the treatments were seen in mean fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride, highdensity cholesterol (HDL), total aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and albumin. Conclusion: β-sitosterol-enriched walnut oil can be regarded as a helpful option to control diabetes.

Inroduction & Objective: Salinity is one of the stressful and effective factors in the life, metabolism and distribution of aquatic animals that affects the animal's growth process. Therefore, in this study, the effects of different salinity on growth factors, survival and blood indices of rainbow trout were studied. Materials and Methods: In this study, 450 rainbow trout with average weight of 5. 53 ± 0. 057g were divided into four groups with salinity of 5, 13, 20, 30 ppt and fresh water group of each group with three replications during 2 months were studied. Results: The results of this study showed that increased salinity of the water caused a decrease in body weight, SGR and CF, although weight loss in different groups was not significant (P> 0. 05). In addition, salinity affected the survival of rainbow trout and reduced the survival of fish. Also, with increasing salinity, the levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit increased and salinity was 20 grams per liter, with the highest amount. The highest number of white blood cells was in the fish of the salinity group of 13 ppt and the lowest number of these cells in salinity was 20 ppt, which showed a significant difference (P <0. 05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that rainbow trout can grow up to 20 ppt in saline water, but with increasing salinity, the base metabolism of this fish increases, and the decrease in growth indices It is observed and its blood parameters change.

Inroduction & Objective: Prevention of kidney stone formation is one of the important issues in preventing kidney disease. Banana’ s peel has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and tissue repairing properties, and due to its alkaline properties, it increases citrate and decreases urinary calcium, urea and blood creatinine. Material and Method: In this study, 32 males of Wistar divided into 6 groups. Healthy control used only food and water, negative control group rats, used food, water, and 1% ethylene glycol solution. The control group 1, used food, water and solution of banana’ s peel at concentrations of 100 mg / kg and 150 mg / kg orally. Experimental 1 used food, water, and 100 kg concentration of banana's skin extract solution with 1% ethylene glycol. Experimental 2 rats, used food, water, solution of banana's peel extract at concentration of 150 mg / kg with 1% ethylene glycol solution. At the end 24 urine, blood kidneys of samples were collected. Kidney tissue was histological examined with hematoxylin-eosin for accumulation of calcium oxalate. Results: Significant differences were observed in creatinine and blood uric acid in the negative control group compared to experimental 2. The highest urea levels in the blood were observed in the negative control Negative control had significant difference with experimental 1. Urea and urinary citrate in the negative control had significant difference compared to all groups. Urinary oxalate in the negative control a statistically significant difference was observed compared to healthy control. Also, the amount of crystals in total renal tissue between experimental groups 1 and experimental group 2 with negative control group and other groups significant statistical differences were observed (P <0. 05). Renal histological examinations showed improvement of renal tissue. Conclusion: The results show the effectiveness of banana peel extract on preventing kidney stones and improving tissue complications due to ethylene glycol consumption by inhibiting the formation of calcium oxalate due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Inroduction & Objective: The smallest bones in the body is located in the middle ear. It transmits air from the outer ear to the inner ear and this ossicle important in physiology and pathology. There is no study performed on the histology of middle ear bones in the buffalo. Material and Method: For this study, eight male and female buffalos heads were selected from the slaughterhouse. Then histological section was taken from the middle ear ossicles and histologically stained by haematoxylin-eosin staining. At the end the middle ear ossicles were studied histology and the internal structure of the ossicels and joints between them was studied. Results: The histological results showed middle ear ossicles in buffalo was Compact bone and It has synovial joints. The joint between malleus bone and incus bone and The joint between incus bone and stapes bone had diarthrosis joint and a articular capsule covered the outside of the articular space. This articular capsule was thicker in the joint between the malleus bone and incus bone than the incus bone and stapes bone. Around the foot plate of the staped bone obseves annular ligament that connected the joints of the stapes bone to the ventral window. Conclusion: The results of the present study can provide basic information for other researchers to physiology and pathology in this regard.