Studies in Medical Sciences
Year:2011 | Volume:21 | Issue:5|Papers Count:12

Background & Aims: Questionnaires and scales which are used in the researches to achieve the goals should be standardized to insure the results of the researches. This study planned to standardize, reliability and validity of the concepts of Health Belief Model in pill and condom users.Materials & Methods: In this study by reviewing documents and some of the applied questionnaires in the reproductive health and family planning studies some scales, which used health belief model, were collected. Then the primary questionnaire was designed and at the first step, its face validity and content was assessed by the expert opinion. At the second step, client understanding of the questionnaire was assessed with a study on 20 clients, in the third and fourth steps the reliability of the questionnaire was checked by the test- re test, LQAS and Cronbach alpha by the STATA software. To present the results of the test descriptive statistics were used.Results: In the scale reliability process, we omitted 3 items of condom and 4 items of pill questionnaire then it presented to 20 clients for client understanding assessment. According to the quality assurance measures 80% of the questions in the questionnaires were accepted. After necessary changes, questionnaires were presented to 30 clients two times with 15 day interval. By applying LQAS method some questions were corrected and again with 15 day interval they were presented to another 30 clients and results were assessed by LQAS method.Discussion: In majority of studies, preparing a standard questionnaire is one of the most important elements. With the high sensitivity of the issue mentioned above, the standardization process needs a long time, but reviewing the previous documents with approved reliability and validity could decrease this period. This study shows accepted reliability and validity of designed questionnaires in the assessment of Health Belief Model in family planning services.

Background & Aims: The effect endurance exercises on hypothalamus are not clear. Exercise is a powerful stimulus for the endocrine system and depends on several factors, ie: duration, intensity and the mode of exercise and training status.Materials & Methods: One hundred and thirty volunteered runner men entered to this project but 16 men selected randomly. Excluding from this project were diabeties, cardiovascular and other endocrine problems. Blood samples from runner were obtained in fasting, 30 minutes after running exercise (endurance versus resistance) and 3 hour after resting.Results: Serum samples were separated and stored at -40oC until to be tested. Serum prolactin, testosterone and DHEA-S levels were measured by chemiluminescence automathed systems and results compaired by known standard curve. Statistical analysis carried out by SPss and Paired–Sample Test. All results below 0.05 P value (P<0.05) considered to be significant. Prolactin and DHEA-S levels increased and testosterone level decreased after 30 minutes running (P<0.05), but did not change after three hours resting.Conclusion: Our investigation show running up to 30 minutes as an endurance condition could increase serum DHEA-S and prolactin levels and decrease in serum testosterone level but they decrease to about fasting condition after three hours resting.

Background & Aims: Reliable findings indicate that inflammatory factors and glycosilated hemoglubin (HbA1c) disorders has the main role in pathogeneses of diabetes and its complications. Traditionally plant extracts have been used for diabetes control. This study was aimed to examine the effect of total and different fractions of black tea on inflammatory factors and glycosilated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in diabetic rats.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 56 rats which were randomly divided into 8 groups (7 rats in each group) and they were studied for one month. The weight of rats was 200–250 gr. Groups 1 and 2 were non-diabetic, groups 3–8 were diabetic, and diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 60 mg/kg. Groups 1 to 8 were received by intraperitoneal injection: vehicle, total extract (50 mg/kgw), vehicle, total extrac (50 mg/kgw) t, methanol fractions of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% plus 100% respectively. In the end of study blood samples were taken from all groups and glycosilated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and inflammatory factors: Interleukin-1, 6, TNFa and CRP were measured.Results: In this study concluded that injection of total extract and 20% fraction of black tea had decreased inflammatory factors in diabetic and non-diabetic rats (p<0.05), but did not on glycosilated hemoglobin (HbA1c).Conclusion: It can be concluded that injection of total extract and 20% fraction of black tea had positive effect on inflammatory factors in diabetic rats.

Background & Aims: Use of coded data for quality management, health care financing and health care policy requires a simplification of valid coding. Most programs aim to improve the quality of coded data by improving the accuracy of codes assigned by the coding staff.This study was done for determine of coders view about effective factors on coding and quality improvement methods.Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive study conducted in the first half of 2007. Two questionnaires were used for determining of coders views about factors affecting coding quality and methods that could be implemented to improve coding quality. Data analyses were done using descriptive statistics and SPSS software.Results: According to coders view average of main variable affecting factors were respectively 65.91, 87.87, 12.86, and 73.73 percent for medical record, health care provider, coder, and classification systems. 100 percent of coders indicated that developing of coding quality indicator, developing of coding standards, and coder's education is the most effective methods for improvement of coding quality.Conclusions: Coders indicated that medical record problems was the most effective factor on coding quality also they indicated that coders education, development of coding standards and developing of coding quality indicators are the most effective methods for improving coding quality.

Background & Aims: Bupropion is a unique, non-nicotinic smoking cessation agent despite its effective antidepression effect. It is a NE and DA reuptake inhibitor and as well as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Besides its smoking cessation effects it can reduces some symptoms of nicotinic withdrawal signs. DA neurons such as VTA neurons play essential roles in depression and drug dependence. This study was tested the short-term effect of intra VTA injection of bupropion on naloxone precipitated withdrawal syndrome escape attendance and chewing signs.Materials & Methods: The sham group received saline as drug vehicle but treated groups received 0.25, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/ml/min of bupropion in VTA stereotaxically, and control group had surgery but had no any injection in VTA. Morphine dependence was carried out under standard protocol (i.p., 4 days, 3 time in each day with incremental doses 15, 20, 25, and 30 mg/kg). Withdrawal signs were precipitated by naloxone (1.2 mg/Kg, s.c.), observed continuously and registered on-line each minute. The behaviors captured by 3 digital cameras indifferent view (30 min) for offline analysis.Results: Signs were counted and analyzed within and between groups by one-way ANOVA. The analysis of data showed that bupropion can decrease escape attendance behavior in a dose dependent approach but it can increase the chewing in dose dependent manure. The differences were significant between sham and treated groups.Conclusions: It concluded that bupropion can alter the opioid withdrawal signs in different directions and it can alter the pattern of withdrawal outcomes.

Background & Aims: Recognition of the importance of splenic immune function has prompted the surgeons to preserve the upper part of the spleen on the base of short gastric vessels after splenic trauma. This study aims at evaluating the function of upper pole of spleen in patients with traumatic injury to the spleen.Materials & Methods: In a clinical trial, 30 patients with traumatic injury to the spleen were evaluated in Tabriz Imam Hospital. They were categorized in 3 ten-patient groups: controls that treated conservatively, cases with preservation of the upper pole of spleen, and the group underwent total splenectomy. Duration of hospital stay and in-hospital complications, as well as the blood peripheral smear and serum levels of IgG and IgM, 3 months after discharge was compared between the groups.Results: No major complications or need of reoperation were documented in any patient during hospital stay. In radioscintigraphy of the remnant spleen in the cases group after 3 months, all the cases were functional. Mean serum level of IgM was significantly lower in the total splenectomy group comparing with the controls. However, the mean serum level of IgG was not significantly different between the groups. Abnormal morphology of red blood cells in the peripheral smear was significantly more frequent in the total splenectomy group comparing with the other two groups.Conclusion: According to our results, subtotal splenectomy with saving the upper pole along with the short gastric vessels is superior to the total splenectomy in managing the traumatic spleen injuries.

Based on our limited data about pathophysiologic mechanisms and natural course of arachnoids cysts, surgical indications and nonsurgical interventions still remain controversial. Of course today literature favours endoscopic interventions for this pathology. In this study we retrospectively reviewed 32 cases managed in our neurosurgical ward over 5-years period. After treatment, patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically. Supratentorial cysts were seen in 69% (22 cases) while infratentorial cysts were seen in 31% (10 cases). Hemiparesis in 37%, increased intracranial pressure in 31%, seizure in 31%, macrocephaly in 19%, isolated headache in 6%, developmental delay in 6% and asymptomatic cysts were noted in 12% of cases. 24 cases (75%) were operated, cyst resection was done in10 cases and cystoperitoneal shunting in14 cases. Conservative treatment with regular clinical and imaging control was done in 25% of patients. The mean follow-up period has been 25 months (4 to 38 months). Good outcome was seen in 75% (18 cases) and 25% (6 cases) remained unchanged. With cyst resection the size of 6 cysts became small, two cases disappeared completely and with shunt 10 cases showed improvement. According to this study we could say that surgical intervention of symptomatic arachnoid cysts providing good results.

Detection of causes of sudden natural death is a major problem of physicians and exact inspection of rare causes of sudden death reduces numbers of white autopsies and helps to well performance of justice. Anomalous origin of coronary arteries are one of These rare cases that mostly in infants leading to death due to Ischemia and heart failure, and sometimes survive until Adulthood and attention to anomalous coronary at autopsy is very important for diagnosis of cause of death.The received specimen from autopsy room of Tabriz legal medicine center evaluated macroscopically and also microscopically by using of Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) staining method.The deceased is 3-month-old female infant is referred to East Azarbyjan Legal medicine center to determining of cause of death and at autopsy examination of coronary artery shows orifice of left coronary artery at unusual site which it is origin is from left sinus of pulmonary trunk, The macroscopic and microscopic examination also showing these finding and Ischemic form this Anomalous origin of coronary artery.Because anomalous origin of coronary arteries can lead to Natural death in infancy, examination of orifices of these arteries is very important for detection of cause of death at infants and other cases.

Leukemias are the most common malignancies of childhood. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia accounts for 77% of the cases. Eosinophilia is a rare finding in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A five-years old boy was admitted to rule out appendicitis in surgical ward. There was leukocytosis with sever eosinophilia in complete blood count. Diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia was made after one month investigation and twice bone marrow aspiration and study of flow cytometry. Finally, the patient was transferred to oncology ward and standard protocol of treatment was started. Now the patient is in remission and under maintenance therapy.