INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT (IJIE) (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE) (PERSIAN)
Year:2005 | Volume:16 | Issue:1|Papers Count:12

Like language, we may not be able to find a creator for vernacular urbanization and architecture. These have been built by people, by the creative power of society over a long period of time. These spaces can be seen, neither as a work of art nor an intellectual achievement, but as a living process, an open-ended dynamic activity in which each generation adds a new meaning and enriches it with its contradictions. The core of tradition is that there is a direct link between a society's design and its social health and identity. Design is a manifestation of the social, political and economic situation. It is also clear that no city or building is developed by itself. There is a need for human intervention to generate types of spaces. This is possible by planning or a design process, either via participatory mechanisms or by the designer's sentience and knowledge. This arcticl is an attempt to explore the diverse ways in which we perceive our environment and will provide an analytical survey 'of the problems that beset us. Later, It will bring these various elements into perspective and offer some directives for the establishment of humanity' in the built environment and say that the mainspring, for the designers and planners, is evidently the life - in all its breadth and depth - of the people for whom they are designing; and the ways they sustain that life depend on the depth of their knowledge and understanding of it - as their ancestors did in a traditional way.

Building density index is used as a means for controlling population density. Emphasize on controlling the building density as well as providing adequate housing, resulted in adopting the policy of construction of small housing units. However, this policy would result in an increase in the number of housing units within the same building density, and hence a direct increase of the population density. This paper investigates the relationship between these two policies and their effects on both population density and the demand for urban services.The relation between building density and population density and services needed is indirect, through the number of dwelling units. An increase in building density does not necessary mean an increase in population density. An increase in building density, while controlling the number of dwelling units, would provide opportunity for building larger dwelling units, as well as semi-private service areas. Larger dwelling units as well as providing semi-private physical facilities would decrease the demand pressure on urban public services. On the other hand decreasing dwelling size within the same building density would increase the population density and the pressure on services would grow exponentially. It is concluded that for appropriate urban planning, controlling, both building density as well as the number of dwelling units is necessary.

Informal settlement is one the important issues in the trend of urbanization in developing countries. In Iran, in last few decades this trend was so rapied, that brought about many basic problems in the Iranian methropolitan. In Bandar Abbas City, due to the economic attraction in the city from one hand and high poverty of rural areas from the other, informal settlement seriously affected the urban management and structure of city. This paper by getting advantage from data analysis and focusing on group discussion method, shows that for "reorganization of neighborhoods upgrading" and "reduction of poverty" we need a number of integrated policies on urban management. One the important results of the research is that without participatory planning and local community enabling we can not improve informal. settlement in the city.

Zoning is among urbanistic means which is usually used without necessary acknowledgement, and therefore, its positive effects are almost rendered ineffective by its negative impacts.This research uses a case study approach according to objectives and possibilities.A Survey of the studied plans indicates that zoning in master plans is under the influence of modernistic theories and therefore neither traditional nor new viewpoints offered to increase the flexibility of rules have had little impacts on the implemention of their means.Poolad Shahr is among those surveyed towns in which zoning is influenced by ideas other than moder theories-in this case, a socialistic zoning is observed. Furthermore, the monofunctionality of residential areas and lack of enough variety in the functionality of new town centers resulted in a monotonous atmosphere in the town, even in the town centers and even the idea of a combined residential/other fundtionality was unable to resolve the problem. An exective standard method is recommended to create flexibility and efficiency in zoning ordinance.A project assessment method based on executive standards in fact evaluates the capability and capacity of land development in general, instead of merely limiting the extent of activities to allocating a single function to a given piece of land.

Urban open spaces (spaces outside buildings) are the milieu for socialization and gatherings. Positive presence of citizens in urban open spaces would increases and enhances social relationships, cooperations, sense of belonging and citizenship. Good urban open spaces have positive effects on presence of people in urban open spaces. Pleasant urban open spaces require pleasant human aspects as well as pleasant physical features. This paper would examine human dimensions of urban open spaces. The human dimensions of urban open spaces include: human needs, rights of citizens in space, control, meaning and connection with space.Maslow's classification of human needs has been adapted to define human needs in urban open spaces. The human need aspects in urban open spaces include: comfort, relaxation, passive and active engagement of citizens and the ability of space to be discovered. Right of citizens in urban open spaces includes: access, freedom of action, claim, change, ownership, meaning and connection to urban spaces. Then the physical attriutes that supports human aspect of urban opens spaces have been introduced.This paper concluded that in an urban design proccess prior to responding to physical features of urban open spaces, the human aspects of design and the effect of urban open spaces on social relationship should be considered.

Urban restoration has a wide comprehensive extent, and its success Is based on urban comprehensive planning. although The necessity of detailed planning for an old town is unavoidable.but in an old city that it contains valuable historical elements, considering The Inherent values including historical, artistic, functional and cultural values inherent in buildings are important. achieving this goal is possible through studying the construction periods and changes occurred in individual buildings throughout history based on the existing documents and surveys of existing buildings, distinguishing building periods and styles and finally comparing the dates of construction of different section of buildings.In this respect, while considering the preservation and restoration of the building form to Its historical condition, has the aim of preserving the form of the city in mind as well. therefore, part of the urban restoration stage is the identification of valuable buildings through a restoration perspective, this article partially considers the issue of urban renovation and analyses and evaluates its different perspectives.

The process of a concept creation is one of the most fundamental problems arises in designing art in general and architecture in particular. Mental or visual references which base of these concepts are the background of one person or association thinking about a specific subject.The method of Key-F (i/ou) nding that is discussed in this paper, is another method for concept creation and extraction, and has regard to permanence in usage. It is wrong to claim this or any other theory for architecture is a final and comprehensive one. But till now anything was set forth in complexity category -complexity as something can't be separated - that has been noticed in the forming of extraction concepts in key-founding method. And the main aim is to make a permanent formal-conceptual product.

This mosque was introduced to the archaeological world about 40 years ago. Professor Pirnia was discovered it during his scientific tour in the desert. According to his statement this mosque was built in the mid first century of Hejra (7th A.D). This statement was supported by some ancient historical books and some similarities in its architectural styles to those Sassanian buildings from pre-islamic Persian architecture. After this statement two other groups has dealt to this mosque. Dr Shekohii one of the Iranian scholars dated this mosque the mid 2th Hejra and Dr Alfieri an Italian researcher gave the late 3rd  Hejra. This means that since, the mosque has three different dates from first, second and third century of Hejra. Dating difficulties are due to a lack of both historical evidence and archaeological research. But this mosque was supported by a good deal of historical evidence. This paper focuses on the dating problem of this important mosque It has a review on the past works and their sources. It compares three dating theory and finally provides the most significant one.

The main feature of the pilgrimage architecture in Iran is derived from its narrative characteristic. The architecture warrants a wide system of symbols which in different combinations play the main role. The stage, is a space in which these symbols are in conversation with each other and the pilgrim, sometime, in secret and sometime openly become familiar with a story that implies loyalty and self sacrifice for the good and advantage of humans. This space has an internal focal point in addition to an external margin that dominates a large space and surrounding area.The pilgrimage architecture of Iran has gone through systematic path of development from which it is possible to discover the subtle ideological and cultural beliefs of the peoples of this land in the period before and after Islam. This article, however, emphasizes the development of this architecture during the period after Islam.The developmental path of this architecture has its roots in historical development of Shiite and in the same time the structure of its form owes itself to the patterns of architectural developments current in different era. Changes in traditional architectural patterns in the past has been slow and gradual but today some of the designers these patterns are abandoned and new patterns have replaced them. This article tries to build a logical and compatible bridge over this historical gap.The biggest and most important indicator of a pilgrimage complex is the main dome which is a representative of domes of heaven. The pattern of heaven in religious literature of the Islamic period has had a deep impact on most forms of arts such as poetry, miniature, city design and architecture. The pilgrimage architecture has developed and its structure formed on the basis of this pattern.As against the particularities of storytelling of this architecture it is possible to make distinctions of mosques of Iran by their particularities of cogitation and prudence.These two fundamental concepts therefore bring to existence two specific spatial approaches in Iranian architecture after Islam.

Throughout human history, temples have always been the deepest manifestation of the ideas and beliefs of cultures and religions. They have also been among the most ermanent findings in the history of art and civilization. In this paper, form an Islamic viewpoint, tention will be paid to the origins of values and the way they show themselves in architecture and also to the effects of those values on the progressive and destined trend of humans.In this regard, the focus of research will be on the meaning of 'real temple' which is believed to be above time and place. The two symbols of god (the bait AI-Harman complex) in Mecca, ka 'ba and the three Jomarats are analyzed. Then, two historic experiences which have been inspired by them; the construction of masjid Al- nabi in maddina and alteration of the early Zoroastrian fire- temples to masjids by changing their real characters are surveyed and evaluated. Finally, geometrical- spatial dimensions of some Greek and Roman temples and their influences on human growth are compared. Since Islam has called the whole Earth as the place for praying God, and all activities of believers as prayers, thus praying is the aim of creation. Therefore it can be suggested that general guidelines for solving temporary problems of architecture and urban design may be derived from the influences of spatial and geometrical forms on humans. The space in pilgrimage architecture of Iran from inside and outside is usually a concentric space.The space of mosques is a pivotal one with a distinct direction towards kiblah. This spatial directedness has had some defining impacts on the two above tendencies.Ornaments in these two spatial experiences have different roles in terms of quality and quantity. One is full of energy, active, with variety, symbolic, cryptic, narrative telling, polished and non materialistic... which is related to pilgrimage architecture. The other, gentle, calm, commentator and inviter to berestored toreasonat the world of existence while in the same time limited with small range that is related to the worshiping architecture of mosques.Ornaments in mosques have no intentions of inducing a purport by the way of illustration of visual shapes. While pilgrimage architecture has utilized all the way from celestial images to pictures related to earthy world and created an inspirational world full of tension.

Consideration of urban design in relation to the future view of cities started in 1960, and since then, has occupied a settled place as a principal and significant factor in development of matrix space and renovation of cities. We know for fact that city is a living and dynamic phenomenon. The existence and activity of each living phenomenon depends on it having a specific matrix. Each living existence has a unique body, which is founded on a definite structure. Organs are consolidated, and reach equilibrium and stability on the basis of this carcass.City as a matrix structure has a developed feature and figure. Calculated consideration of its growth and development process directly relates to its very existence and the conduct of its activities; and it being alive and active is subject to principles and hypotheses in the area of urban design.Urban design ought to be pursued by preparing detailed plans and special designs. City areas, having been studied, ought to be designed as three-dimensional spaces, as soon as possible. This is a measure that ought to be taken seriously as a new subject in presentation of olutions, samples and patterns, carrying out applications thereof, as early as practicable. Should this be realized as a provisional and sample solution, this will demonstrate the significance of the issue, and will cause expedition of the performance thereof.In the optimal urban design, it is not required for each decision-maker to be a professional analyst of design issues. Rather, all individuals and specialists that play a basic role in planning and decision-making should know which objective they are following, which points they should take into account, and which idea they should pursue in a design of such scale, in order to achieve consolidated and desirable spaces and environments. In this paper, efforts will be conducted to deal with this critical principle in urban envelopment and to put forward discussions in brief in the areas of urban aesthetics and role and place of people's participation. The success in implementation of urban projects requires having consolidated and efficient management, to which we will refer further in this paper.