ECONOMIC RESEARCH REVIEW
Year:2009 | Volume:- | Issue:3 (SUPPLEMENT)|Papers Count:12

Nowadays, increasing the productivity level, as a resource for economic growth process, in the majority of countries is of high importance. In Iran, it has been projected that 2.5 percent out of 8 percent growth rate foreseen in the Fourth Five-Year Development Plan would be realized through productivity increase in different economic sectors. In this research, efforts have been made to survey and measure total productivity changes of production factors in large industries of different provinces and identify and access the role and share of each component of it. Generally, changes in total productivity of production factors can be measured and decomposed in two categories of changes in efficiency and in technology. From two different types of measurements, parametric and non-parametric method (Malmqiest Indicator), the later one, has been applied for this research.The results of the research shows that, generally, in the majority of the country's provinces, total productivity of production factors in their large industries during 1991-2002, has experienced average increase. Based on these results, average productivity changes of production factors of mentioned industries in all provinces has been 5 percent including 2 percent efficiency changes and 3 percent technology one.In another word, efficiency and technology changes both have had the same and enhancing impact on productivity increase in aforesaid industries.

It is necessary to study the relationship between foreign trade and migration between developed and developing countries, as the emigration rate has been increasing in recent decades. The objective of this paper is to examine such relationship between Iran’s trade and labor force migration to the selected major OECD members over the period 1992-2004. Hence, the empirical results, obtained by estimating a panel gravity-based model, indicate that there is a significant and complementary relationship between Iran’s foreign trade and migration to these countries. Moreover, the results show that the labor wage divergence, increasing gap between real labor wages in Iran and the selected OECD countries, increase emigration flow from Iran to such countries.

Before joining of Iran' s economy to the World Trade Organization (WTO), its impact on Iran's economy needs deeply to be studied from different perspectives. The labor market is affected in result if globalization impact on all production sectors in the economy and the structure of this market is changed from different aspects including the combination of labor type, wage rate, and resulted income distribution. This paper using statistical analysis and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modelling studies the impact of international trade on employment and labor income (wage) gap through investigation of labor force combination. The results shows that exports boost caused employment growth and decline of wage gap while imports increase resulted in decreasing employment opportunities in Iran’s economy.Considered the imports case, even though the capital goods’ imports has had a negative effect on wage gaps, in contrast the consumption goods’ imports has had statistically insignificant impact on the wage gaps.

Introducing flexibility of the firm is a necessity for competitiveness in the globalization process. Among production factors, labor flexibility-excluding its cost position- plays a key role in the level of the firm flexibility. In fact, the firm flexibility from labor conditions perspective is considered as a main component of firm flexibility. One of the factors affecting labor flexibility is the informal employment. The Informal employment results in spread of numerical flexibility of the firm and decreasing labor expenses, thus helping to the firm flexibility at the global market levels.However, ignoring human capital of informal employees in the firm decreases the labor's functional flexibility and thus results in decrease in the firm competitiveness in the global markets. Then, preserving in the global markets demands an ideal combination of the both flexibilities (Numerical and Functional) for firm.This study focuses on informal employment in low-technology’s industrial activities to investigate to what extent whether informal employment can be effective on the firms’ labor flexibility and their competitive power.With using panel data method in low-technology’s industrial activities within 1998-2003, the results indicate that effect of informal employment on competitiveness is positive.

In this study, we have surveyed factors influencing the young employment in the age group of 20-29.These factors are: value added, real minimum wage, the ratio of young people with high school total youths. The young people with higher education to total young people and scientific, professional, technical and related workers to total employment as proxy for technology. We estimated employment functions in agriculture, industry and services sectors by applying the VECM technique covering time series data over the period 1966-2003. The results indicate that value added in industry sector has greater effect on young employment. In all sectors, real minimum wage has negative and meaningful effect on youths employment, but it isn’t meaningful for agriculture sector. High school and university education has had positive and meaningful effect on youths employment, but this effect in the case of higher education is stronger. In agriculture sector, technical progress has negative and meaningful effect on young people employment.

The industrialization of developed countries shows that level of increase of employment in economic sectors is one of the important indexes of economic growth.The main purpose of this research is to study the effective factors on employment of industrial sector in Iran.The effective factors are capital stocks, value added, real wage and price index of fuel in industrial sector. Also, the effect of labor law (dummy variable) has been studied. The results of Johansen co-integration test show the positive relation between employment, capital stock and value added; and the negative relation between employment, real wage, price index of fuel and dummy variable.

The idea of designing of regional input-output table for one region for the first time was proposed by Leontief Then Izard and Polanski advented the two regional input-output and multi-regional input-output respectively. The input-output table is used in different aspects of regional policy making such as analyzing multiplier quotients for one or more regions.Forecasting production, employment and import are other functions of the input-output table.In the present study using statistical and non-statistical methods we first turned the input-output table of 2000 in Kurdistan province into 15-part and 45-part forms based on which we analyzed the economic structure especially employment state of the province.The results show that there is 1/002 million Rials increase in the production per one million Rials increase in marginal demand. They also show that building sectors and inhabitant unit' s services has most and least potential to employment respectively. Finally this study found that building sector is of more incentive to use the intermediate data of other sectors and mine sector play a key role in integrating region's economy so we had better pay sufficient attention to the field.

Women's status in labor market is not similar and the same, since from the early era women got educated and earned human capital in dissimilar conditions.Also, in latter stages of life due to discrepancy in marital status and work status, women worked in labor market with different human capital reserve. The present article is an endeavor to present separate patterns regarding marital status and to identify effective factors in urban women's earnings in Iran on the basis of Mincer's human capital theory, Becker's family economics and allocation of time theories. The present article estimated women's earnings functions by using the method of econometric of panel and micro data of demography sketch of economic-social characteristics of families during1992-1995. The findings of this research demonstrated that the increase of schooling years, work experience, hours of work and women's unearned income caused the increase of women's earnings and the increase of household size has negative effect on employed women's earnings.

In this paper, we surveyed the effects of labor market policies and determinants of economic growth on income inequality. Classical model and time series models such as vector auto regressive (VAR) were used. The results illustrated that among the economic growth factors; human capital in long term has a positive effect on inequality. Furthermore, labor market policies have considerable effects on income inequality. Error correction procedure was used for evaluation of the equilibrium achievement. This pattern showed that 6% of disequilibrium can be disappeared when disequilibrium are occurred.

In this paper the effects of socioeconomic parameters on access to higher education has been studied and the differential participation rate in higher education has been analyzed. An important finding is that, the relation between rate of access to university education and parental education level has been proved. From the viewpoint of living in urban area, the location of living has positive impact on going to university. The people employed in agriculture sector have less opportunity to inter university.