MODARRES HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2006 | Volume:10 | Issue:2 (TOME 45)|Papers Count:8

In recent years, tourism and economic tourism is changing to one of the main elements of world trade economic. Most of the policy makers and planners of development consider the tourism industry as the main element of lasting development. Rural tourism, as part of tourism industry, by proper planning and recognizing its advantages and limitations could have an effective rule in development of rural regions, and hence in national development and diversifying national economic.The question is that what are the potentials and limitations of rural tourism development and, what are the strategies and solutions that cause tourism development and there fore rural and national development. This article renders the strategies and solutions for rural development by means of survey method, field studies and specifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in rural areas of Lvasan-E-Koochak. Experimental analysis in the region under study shows that critical threshold in the rural region for tourism is very high and involves to be reviewed and suitable policies for obviating the limitations and using the existing advantages should be rendered. Solving limitation and use of exist comparative advantage.

Hirmand River is originated from Afghanistan and the people's life in Sistan is depended on it. The fluctuation of Hirmand water flowing toward Sistan (Iran) and the decrease of it in last hundred years have caused problems in political relation between Iran and Afghanistan in local and national levels. This research wants to find the reasons of increasing and decreasing of Hirmand water toward Sistan and the effect of it on political relationship between Iran and Afghanistan. Drought and reduction of flowing water from Afghanistan have caused water crises in Sistan. However, over past one hundred years the Afghanis separated various canals from Hirmand, built many dams over it and have consumed a large amount of water, so the rate of flowing water toward Sistan has reduced.

The semi-arid mountains due to climatical, hydrological and topographical properties are among the most vulnerable areas for the occurrence of landslides. The deep stream bed and stream flow in long beds are main triggering factors for wall materials of valleys to slide. In the study region, as a semi-arid region, many landslides were occurred because these landslides events changing the hydrological properties of valleys and amount of load sediment. In this study, the role of many factors on occurrence of this event, as drainage density, relative' relief and property of surface's materials, by using geological and topographical maps, sampling of soil and field work are analyzed. The result of this study shows that the rate of detachments and landslides depends to the rate of drainage density, specially depends to the drainage density of deep stream beds, rate of the changing of the ratio of Ds/Dd and also changing of R. When the rate of slope angle increases up to a certain level and on unconsolidated materials then the probability of the landslides occurrence increases.  

Stream erosion is one of the important causes of the increase of sediment. Countless factors play an important role, as single or in set, when act as erosion's factors on stream beds or on slopes and deliver materials in stream flow. Aggradations and degradation landforms and changing shape of longitudinal profiles of rivers at time are evidences of these operations. The shape of longitudinal profiles gives important information about processes. By the use of regression analyses, it is possible to explain and interpret shape of longitudinal profiles and compare many rivers with each other. The Evolution of valleys defines by the rate of erosion at the bed of rivers or basin. In this article, analyses erosion at longitudinal profiles of rivers concern to valleys and basin and area zonation with many type of erosion in study area. The results of this study show that Garangoo basin settles in mature stage and medium erosion is prevail.

Soil erosion is one of the most important factors causing decline of soil fertility, siltation of different kinds of waterways, reduction of reservoir capacity, increase of destructive risk of flooding and other environmental degradations. In order to mitigate the negative effects of soil erosion and sediment production in watersheds, it is imperative to determine amount and source of sediment. Since most of Iran's watersheds are ungauged, use of erosion and sediment estimation models are necessary. But for selection of applicable model, the models first have to be tested and/or evaluated. So a research study was carried out to evaluate MPSIAC model in GIS environment based on the observed data of sediment of the Nojian sub watershed located in southeast of Khorram Abad city in the Lorestan province of Iran, To run the selected model, after introducing the information layers into the GIS program and combining the layers in MPSIAC model, the given catchments were divided into 527 homogenous units. Then, erosion rate and sediment yield were estimated in these homogenous units. The amount of estimated sediment yield by using MPSIAC model was 489372.2 T/y. To compare the results of the model, the amount of the measured sediment in hydrometric station was considered as the control level, which was 812410 T/y. The outcome of the research showed that estimating sediment by using MPSIAC model in comparison to measured sediment was 0.602. The results of the assessment based on observed differences show that calibration of the empirical models is needed first to resolve the limitation of the models in correspondence to the existing condition of the watersheds. It can be concluded that in order to accept or reject the result of the sediment yield estimation by using the MPSIAC model with high confidence, the model first should be calibrated based on the existing condition of Iran's watershed.

Operation manner in most of the conventional classification algorithms in remote sensing is based on pixels spectral information. Classification of these data ignores information obtained from adjacent pixels. In addition, the increase of spatial resolution in satellites, increases harmful information (noise) and spectral similarity between classes, and consequently increases internal variance of classes and finally decreases classification accuracy. To remove or decrease these problems, the proper incorporation and use of spectral and contextual information can efficiently help distinguish land-uses which are similar spectrally.In this study, effectiveness of incorporating structural information with classification procedures has been investigated. The technique is based on the use of edge-density information generated from the classified data."Maximum Likelihood" (ML), "Minimum Distance to Means" (MD) and "Mahalanobis" classification procedures have been used to classify data together with the edge-density information as an additional band. The performance of using edge-density data has been evaluated using the data of SPOT-XS and aerial photographs of the Anzali Wetlands (Anzali Talab) located in Gilan province north of Iran. This region is very heterogeneous. Results show that use of the structural information leads to the increase in accuracy of some classes particularly those with low spectral separabilities. Mahalanobis classifier using spatial and spectral information in rural-urban (74/60) and river and channel (66/87) classes show 14/06 and 6/57 percent increase respectively in accuracy as compared to the spectral classification of satellite data. Application of this approach also in aerial photographs for patches of trees, river, agricultural and residential classes show 11/78, 36/61, 28/09 and 53/29 percent increase in accuracy respectively.Results show that considering the complex environmental conditions of the study site, the proper incorporation and use of spectral and spatial information can result in more efficient discrimination of some spectrally similar classes. The information of edge-density seems to be more promising in high resolution imagery and heterogeneous classes such as urban features.

In current settlement planning, settlements are either rural or urban. In reality, human settlements are more diverse than this dichotomy. Current definitions of rural and urban settlements are not comprehensive from political, administrative and scientific points of view and show lack of attention to various factors that shape human settlements and their status. In other words, changing the status of a settlement based on public demand might not change the real status of a settlement, .Application of models based on fuzzy logic as a relative approach in identification and classification of human settlements provides a better and more diverse framework for human settlement classification based on various social, environmental and economic factors. Changing the status of a settlement from rural to urban without considering the role of such factors will not only increase the public expenditures, but also increase public expectations and demands for more services. Identification of more populated rural settlements in demand of changing from rural to urban settlements will help planners and policy makers to make better decisions when trying to accept or reject the status of a settlement. The main aim of this study is to use fuzzy logic to identify rural settlements that are suitable for getting the city status. Rural settlement in Tehran province in Iran has been selected as case study.

The effective rainfall amounts (ER) as a part of the irrigation requirement were estimated for the premature and serotinous varieties of rice in the Mazandaran Plain, using different methods. Finally the "Dependable Rain" method was selected for the estimation. Comparison of the maps reveals that the ER amounts are more in the western part of the plain than the eastern part; consequently, the net irrigation requirement is low in the western part. Since knowing the minimum and maximum values of the ER with specific confidence, helps the planners in making different decisions, the ER amounts were estimated at 90, 95 and 99 percent confidence intervals. The related maps show that the confidence for ER amounts is low for both premature and serotinous varieties in the eastern part, while the ER amounts are almost 50 millimeters more for serotinous variety than premature variety at different confidence intervals in the whole region. Also, the maps of return periods show that the ER amounts are higher in the western and central parts than the eastern part and that the accessibility of ER varies from lower than 80 to more than 420 millimeters in the growing season in terms of various return periods and different parts of the region.