JOURNAL OF RAFSANJAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND HEALTH SERVICES
Year:2005 | Volume:4 | Issue:3 (15)|Papers Count:13

Background and Objective: Nowadays the burden of psychiatric disorders has been identified in developed countries by screening questionnaires and standard clinical interviews at a high level, but there has been conducted few investigation to study the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in our country, comprehensively. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the individuals of 18 years and over in urban and rural areas of Kerman province.Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey in year 2001. This was a part of national epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders. In this survey 876 individuals were selected through randomized systematic and clustered sampling methods from the existing families in Kerman and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) questionnaire were completed by the clinical psychologist. The diagnosis of the disorders was based on DSM-IV classification criteria.Results: The results of the study showed that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Kerman province was 19.62% which was 25.48% in the women and 13.50% in men. The anxiety and mood disorders respectively with 8.33% and 7.19% had the higher prevalence in the province. The prevalence of psychotic disorders in this study was 0.46%, neuro-cognitive disorders 1.93% and dissociative disorders 1.71%. In the group of mood disorders, major depression with 5.59% and in the group of anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder with 2.85% had the higher prevalence. This study showed that 13.93% of individuals that were studied suffered at least from one of the psychiatric disorders. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among the women in this province was 17.67%, age group of 66 years and above 29.82%, widows 33.33%, residents of villages 16.09%, illiterate individuals 17.57% and among the retired individuals was 29.03% and were more than the individuals in other groups.Conclusion: Being aware of this matter reveals the responsibility of the health policy makers and programmers, prevention, treatment and medical education more than before in relation to preparing application and executive plans in Kerman province for mental health.

Bakground and Objective: Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration (BMD) of bone tissue. This leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fracture, particularly of the hip, spine and wrist.This study was performed to assess the relation between calcium intake and bone densitometry values.Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study to verify the relation between BMD and calcium intake. The study was carried out on 250 women who did not have the history of any metabolic diseases or estroidal intake were enroled in this study. The individuals were matched for sex, age, BMI and hormonal intake. Data were obtained using a two part questionaire containing demographic information and a table of consumed daily food including the amount of daily calcium intake. The optimal calcium intake 1200 mg/day and in bone mineral densitometry, t score <1SD was considered as osteopenia and t score <2/5 SD was defined as osteoporosis. Data were analysed by chisquare test, Mann-Witney and Kruskal-Wallis test.Results: Although most of patients were in post menopausal stage (56.4%) but daily calcium intake of 89.3% of them was lower than 1200 mg. Positive significant relation between daily calcium intake and education was obtained (p=0.02), wheras, in housewife womens, there were low calcium product in daily dietary intake. There was a significant realation between bone density values of hip and lumboscral area and the daily calcium intake (p<0.05).Conclusion: Acording to the results of this research and due to the effects of calcium effects intake on bone density and prevention of osteoporosis in elderly stage, we suggest wide teaching and information in general papulation with aim of improving dietry calcium

Background and Objective: Nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi) involves in several physiological functions such as cardiovascular regulation, sexual behavior and pain. There is little evidence about its role on opiate withdrawal. In this research the effect of LPGi electrical lesion on withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent rats was studied.Materials and Methods: N-MRI rats were divided into three groups: Control, Sham and Lesion group. Animals were anaesthetized using ketamine (110 mg/kg) and rampone (3 mg/kg) mixture injection (i.p). Stainless steel electrodes were placed in LPGi (AP=11.8, L=±1.6, DP=10.5) bilaterally. LPGi was lesioned using electrical current (1 mA, DC) for 6 seconds.After 10 days recovery period animals were addicted by morphine injection two times a day for 4 days (every day 25, 30, 35, 40 mg/kg respectively). In the fifth day 40mg/kg morphine have been injected to animals and after 30 min withdrawal syndrome was induced by naloxane injection (4 mg/kg i.p) and evaluated withdrawal sign (rearing, ptosis of eye lid, teeth chattering, grooming, wet dog shakes, paw tremor, body tremor, number of ejaculation, defecating, jumping).Result: Our results showed that LPGi lesion only can decreased ejuculation, paw tremor and wet dog shakes significantly (p<0.02) but LPGi lesion did not affect other withdrawal signs.Conclusions: Our data showed that LPGi altered only ejaculation, paw tremor and wet dog shakes. It seems that LPGi have critical role in those sings and other withdrawal sing related to other nucleus such as PGi and LC

Background and Objective: Ovarian and steroid hormones have long and short-term effects on brain. Progesterone has functional and structural effect on Hippocampus neurons. In epilepsy probably the number of brain neurons can reduce due to cell mortality. Therefore, in this study effect of progesterone were evaluated on the number of CA3 Hippocampus neurons.Material and Methods: In this experimental study, 45 Male wistar rats were divided into 5 groups. 5 rats selected as an intact group. Group1 (control) were received, 50-mg/kg- pentylenetetrazd (PTZ) i.p. for kindling. Group 2 received PTZ sesom oil (i.p) (vehicle), 30 min before, groups 3 and 4 received 25 and 50 mg/kg progesterone (i.p) 30 min before receiving PTZ. PTZ injected every 48 h and the rate of mortality, seizure stage and duration of V phase were calculated during in min after PTZ injection. If animal reach to phase 5, for three times they were considered as kindled rats and anesthetized by ether for histological study. Their brain were perfuse for fixation by formaldehyde (10%). and after passage and blocking, 10 micron slices prepared and stained with H & E and Cresyl violet methods. Then CA3 neurons were counted with morphometric lens per mm2.Results: The results were shown that injection of 25 and 50mg/kg progesterone reduced duration of phase V from 175.2 S in sham to 123.1 S and 113.1 S respectively, (p<0.05 and p<0.01). PTZ reduced the number of CA3 neurons form 178.3±8 in intact animals to 123.2±14.2 in control (p<0.05). The mean number of neurons in 25 and 50 mg/kg progesterone were 137.3±10.5 and 145±8.5 respectively. The number of CA3 neuron in 50mg/kg progesterone group had significant difference compared to control group (p<0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that, neuron mortality due to PTZ, reduced in progesterone receiving group compared to control. It seem that there is correlation between neuron mortality and phase 5 duration in progesterone receiving group.

Background and Objective: Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is a white cristaline toxic poweder which is absorbed through gastero intentinal tract and skin, and excreted from kidney. Chronic poisoning with mercuric chloride causes sensorial and mobile disorders, behavioral and mental disorders. Mercuric chloride is teratogen for embryonic organs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of HgCl2 on embryo's ventricles and spinal canal as a part of nervous system.Materials and Methods: In this study 24 female Sprague Dawley rats after scieng vaginal plague that considered at day zero of gestation were divided into four groups: One control group that injected normal saline solution and three experimental groups that injected mercuric chloride 2mg/kg (ip) in 8th, 9th and 10th days of gestation. Emboryos were removed from uterus on day 15th and tissue process was done and measured and analyzed with LSD and Duncan tests.Results: Ventricular and spinal cord diameters and coroidal brancbes in experimental groups were decreased significantly compared to control group (p<0.05). In addition the spinal canal diameter in control group was significantly (p<0.001) more than experimental groups. The number of coroidal branches were significantly decreased (p<0.001) in experimental groups compare to control group.Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that HgCl2 has toxic effect on nervous system including, decrease in ventricular and spinal cord diameters, and the number of coroidal branches

Backgrond and Objective: Chromium (III) salts are the most widely used chemicals for tanning processes, but 30-40% of the chromium amount remains in the solids and liquid wastes )especially spent tanning solutions). Therefore, the removal and recovery of the chromium content of these wastewaters is necessary for environmental protection and economic reasons. The aim of this study was chromiam removal from tannery wastewater by precipitation process.Materials and Methods: Removal and recovery of chromium were carried out by using precipitation process. To this purpose, three precipitating agents were used; calcium hydroxide [(Ca(OH)2)], sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and magnesium oxide (MgO). The effects of pH, stirring time, setteling rate and sludge volume were studied in batch experiments.Results: Results showed that the optimum pH was 8-9, and the setteling rate of the process for magnesium oxide was much more than this rate for the other two compounds. Furthermore, a grainy, dense, easly settelable precipitate could also be formed when MgO was used as the precipitator. Whereas, precipitates forming by NaOH was very gelatinous and the setteling rate was low. Precipitates forming by Ca(OH)2 was not also desirable. Sludge's volume by MgO was much less than sludge volume produced by Ca(OH)2 and NaOH.Conclusion: The MgO is an effective and suitable precipitating agent for removal of chromium from tanning wastewater.

Background and Objective: Decreased males' motivation for entering universities has caused a low male/female ratio in different university majors. This problem may lead to the development of a mono-sex system for health service providers and will affect the social health system. As females constitute the majority of students in most majors, in this study academic achievement of girls is compared to that of the boys.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 114 medical and 50 dentistry students who were enrolled at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in the spring of 2003. Grade-point average (GPA) was used as a marker for academic achievement. The scores were classified into 3 groups; A (17-20), B (14-16.99) and C (less than 13.99). Data were analyzed by Chi-square test.Results: This study indicated that not only girls constitute the majority of students in the Medicine and Dentistry majors, but also the academic achievement of girls was significantly higher than that of the boys. Among medical students only 2.7% of the boys had A scores, while 18.2% of the girls had A scores. Furthermore, among dentistry students, none of the male students had A scores while 8% of the girls had an A score.Conclusion: It seems that the observed differences, are not related to academic intelligence. These differences may have originated from the decreased motivation in male students for studying efficiently after the enrollment

Background and Objective: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics and synthetic compounds are increasing continously. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of Pinus eldarica’s gum and its alcoholic extract on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli which cause some skin infections.Materials and Methods: After preparing pinus eldarica gum, it was diluted in oleic acid to achieve the concentration of 50% and 75%. The concentration of 50% and 75% of gum’s extract also prepared by soaking the gum in alcoholic solution. Oleic acid and cotrimoxazole were used as control groups. Kirby - bauer method was used as an antibiogram test. Data were analysed by ANOVA variance and Tukey HSD test.Results: In comparison of the effect of 50% and 75% of gum on E-coli, we observed that; there was no remarkable differences between them, but these concentrations of gum were more effective than cotrimoxazole on the inhibition of growth of E-coli. In case of Staphylococcus aureus we observed; the negative effect of mentioned concentrations of gum, gum’s extract and cotrimoxazole on its growth, but there was no considerable differences between the different concentration of gums, 50% of gum with 50% and 75% of gum’s extracts and 75% of gum with 50% of gum’s extract on Staphylococci growth.Conclusion: Overall, the study showed that Pinus eldarica’s gum has strong inhibitory effect on some microbes. This effect can compete with cotrimoxazole on S. aureus and can be effective on cotrimoxazole resistant E-coli.

Introduction: Patent ductus arterioses is a communication between aorta and pulmonary artery. This disease is one of the most common form of congenital heart disease, that usually is diagnosed in the period of neonatal and infancy, and can be treated.Cases of this disease rarely have been diagnosed in the period of adult and elderly. It is rare and reportable for cases of the this disease, in which have been diagnosed for the first time in the period of old age.Case Report: The patient that is reported here, is a 68 year old female whose disease had just been identified. Patient came with the complained of chest pain and palpitation, and continuous murmur on the left side of second intercostal during clinical assessment was noticable.Discassion: Paraclinical assessment, e.g. chest Xray (CXR), ECG and Echo cadiography, showed patent ductus arterioses and confirmed by cardiac cathetetrization.We report this 68 old age patient, as an interesting, rare, training case with regard of this matter: that patent ductus arterioses without pulamonary hypertension is rare among elderly people.

Health performance indicators, measure states or critical processes. With development conceptual the framwork health indicators an integrate set of health indicators can be performed.This study is a systematic review article and librarily type based on internet resources.In this review the framework of health system is discussed and the dimensions of the conceptual framework of health indicators are mentioned. The criteria of the selection of the health indicators is also evaluated.Defining of the conceptual framework of health indicators is necessary for determine and usage of health indicators in the process of health system evaluation.