MODARRES HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2004 | Volume:8 | Issue:1 (TOME 32)|Papers Count:7

Achieving rural development goals in Iran as depends on adopting suitable social, ‎economic and physical approaches, it involves the use of a compatible and effective ‎approach to rural development planning process (preparation and implementation of ‎development plans).‎ Up to now, rationalism and communicative approaches to frame and process of ‎development planning were under consideration, but in Iran planning system, ‎rationalism approach has been preferred to communicative approach which has been ‎taken in to consideration at world planning literature since last years of twentieth ‎century‏. ‏‎‎ What are the deficiencies and weaknesses of prevalent approach in development ‎planning process of Iran? Which choice is a suitable one for Iran rural development ‎planning process? Answers to these questions are the goal of this article that is ‎presented in analytic and descriptive method‏. ‏‎‎ According to results of searches, "pivotal specialty" and "non-participatory ‎characteristic" have caused rationalism approach to face some weakness and many ‎failures, so with attention to conditions, the choice of communicative approach is of ‎essential necessities for rural development planning process in Iran‏.‏

In the spring of 1374 a major landslide occurred in the hillside overlook the riverbed ‎near the Nasirabad village of Varzaghan City located 70km towards northeast of ‎Tabriz. It caused a heavy toll in Nasirabad. Therefore west part of the village ‎compared to the east part of it has four meters difference of level‏.‏‎‎ The geological data and geomorphological factors effective in instability of this slope ‎were studied and on the basis of morphometric parameters factors effective in ‎instability of this slope were studied and on the basis of morphometric parameters, the ‎zonationplan of the landslide was drawn and its quantitative characteristics were ‎recognized. By analyzing active mechanisms in mass movements of material, security ‎ploms for its control were presented‏. ‏‎‎ Field studies and geology, climatology, kind of soil, vegetation cover data and the use ‎of morphometric methods shows that the rain storms of the region and penetration of ‎surface water in to sediments in upper hillside such as, rumble and the very thickness ‎of surface on hillsides with average slope have been the main cause of landslide‏.‏

The Seimareh grand landslide is one of the great landslides on the earth that attracted ‎many Iranian and foreign scholars the of there are some different opinions on the ‎causes and date of the landslide‏.‏‎‎ In this article, while investigating situational conditions and some dynamical and ‎geomorphologic characteristics of the landslide, some theories about the causes and ‎date of the occurrence of the landslide, were rendered and put in to examination‏.‏ By using hydro-climatic data and dynamical calculations of the grand landslide, some ‎general and detailed characteristics of it were presented. By using geomorphologic ‎evidences, it seems that the date of the occurrence of the landslide is not the predicted ‎date‏.‏‎‎ The evidences are such as the extension rate of surface drainage network on low layer ‎or surface of landslide, how regolith develops, the accomplishment rate of solution ‎processes (making lapies, joints, and cracks in limestones of the area) roughness of ‎debris of landslide, the rate of soil horizons development, and limitation of new ‎fluvial deposition‏.‏‎‎ After scrutinizing historical documents, the landslide dated was recognized in 872 ‎A.D. and the occurrence theories based on the date, around 10000 years B.P., were ‎rejected. The Seimareh landslide produced an enormous sound which caused land- ‎shake and was heard at the region and further areas. Some scholars take an earthquake ‎as the trigger factor, but the article says that the situation was vice-versa‏.‏

In the course of 1940 and 1950 decades, traditional planning methods (top-down), in ‎practice, lost their ability to solve community problems by providing, implementing ‎and appraisal of development plans. On the other hand, people lost their trust to their ‎efficiency. People asked for a new paradigm of plans that was effective, participatory, ‎flexible and popular. In order to answer to this need, participatory planning came to ‎exist. The basis of participatory methods in on transformation of demand to objective ‎and objective to practice‏.‏‎‎ The objective of this survey is to investigate and explain procedures, methods and ‎tools of citizens" participation to provide urban development plans. Following ‎questions are considered in this article‏: ‏ ‎‎ What are citizens" participation methods in providing urban development plans? Are ‎there any special and unique techniques to reach to each participatory method? ‎Eventually, which method bas more potentials for objective compilation, needs ‎recognition, priority consideration and making communication easier? Research ‎method in this survey is descriptive. When plans harmonize with societies" objectives, ‎values and potentials, we have the best kind of participatory method. Findings of this ‎survey explain that planning on the neighborhood level is more suitable than other ‎methods, because it emphasize on two main objectives: 1- To make closer local ‎organizations to people, 2- To regulate urban functions with needs of particular areas. ‎In this article each of these variables is studied‏.‏

In this research four spring widespread frosts were studied in the west of Iran. In this ‎research spring widespread frost is a day when absolute minimum temperature of te ‎April occurred in that day for all of the selected stations‎‏.‏ To study the synoptic conditions of the formation of these frosts, daily weather maps ‎of the surface of the earth, level of weather 400hpa, and absolute minimum ‎temperature of 13 stations in the west of Iran were studied in zero hour‎‏. ‏ Results showed that all of the frosts were cold advection in origin and frost days are ‎synchronous with location of a low pressure system of air on the Caspian Sea‎‏.‏

A Field measurement of snow cover is very expensive and time consuming and ‎usually it is performed in a limited number of stations. Now days, remote sensing ‎technology is used as a useful tool for snow cover mapping. However, in spite of high ‎capability of satellite images, discrimination between snow and cloud because of ‎spectral overlap between them is one of the most important limitations‏. ‏‎‎ In this research, in order to study the possibility of snow and cloud discrimination, ‎NOAA-14 images have been used and three snow indexes including: T__3 - T__4, ‎R__4/(R_3)^1/2, A__2/R__3 have been calculated which are based on the combination ‎of reflective and thermal bands. The resulted images have been classified using the ‎band combination indexes and fuzzy-based maximum likelihood classifier (MLC). ‎Results of the accuracy assessment of snow (mean overall kappa= 0.831) indicate that ‎the referred algorithm could sufficiently separate the snow from no snow (e.g. cloud ‎and land). Snow cover changes were also detected using the subtraction method of ‎multi-temporal snow cover maps. The results of the analysis of topographic positions ‎‎(elevation, slope) indicate that the changed snow classes in comparison with ‎unchanged snow classes are mostly located on lower elevation and steeper slopes. ‎This observation is consistent with the theoretical expectations and approximately ‎confirms the validity of snow cover change maps‏.‏

In this paper, using geographical information system technique and effective ‎indicators based on city standards, distribution of educational centers was analysed in ‎the Moalem area in Kermanshah. Then for elementary and high schools, according to ‎their kind (schools for boys or girls), new sites were selected. At first, site data was ‎provided from the map with 1:2000 scale of the Residence and Urbanization ‎Organization of Kermanshah province. Then, using GIS software, the map of Moalem ‎Town was digitized and descriptive data were gathered by the use of documents and ‎field analysis and statistics. In GIS, environment data base was created‏.‏‎‎ For each of the effective factors in site-selection of educational centers, were ‎considered layers which were weighted according to the factors of place and time. ‎Then with combination and analysis of all the layers with each other, the present ‎situation of schools evaluated‏.‏‎‎ Results show that Moalem town needs more educational space. So, by the use of GIS, ‎the most suitable places for establishing schools were recognized and proposed. This ‎study indicates that GIS is very effective for the site-selection of educational centers ‎and other ciric services. In fact it has an important role in city planning‏.‏