JOURNAL OF MOVEMENT SCIENCE & SPORTS
Year:2005 | Volume:3 | Issue:5|Papers Count:9

The purpose of present study was to investigate the ways to develop "sport for all" in Iran. The statistical population consisted of faculty members, directors, coaches and participants that 1525 participants, 102 faculty members, 91 directors, 272 coaches participated in this study. For gathering data, a questionnaire including 38 items were used, which questioning about the effective factors in developing "sport for all". The variables of this study were equipment and facilities, personal, public transport, media, use of private sectors, economic status, and budget. Descriptive statistics and also one way ANOVA were used to analyze data. The results of the Analysis showed that: There was no significant difference between the viewpoint about the role of equipment and facilities, personal, public transport, economic status, media, and use of private sectors, economic status, and budget in developing "sport for all". The following were the most important suggestions about Developing "sport for all". Improving economic status, using media, equipment and facilities, personal, public transport, economic status, use of private sectors and budget in developing.

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between leadership styles of soccer coaches and commitment and burnout of players Statistical population included soccer players(N=340)that competed in super league and Azadegan league of Iran- in competing session of 2004-2005 . The players judged about leadership style of their coaches and rate of their own burnout and commitment. The research method was based on correlation. The samples completed four inventories that included: their own Personal characteristics, burnout and commitment and leadership style of coaches. Data analysis included descriptive statistic, the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and Cronbach Alpha Coefficient were applied. The value of p<0.05 was considered as significant. The result showed that:*Half of soccer coach's leadership style was relation-oriented; %31.5 was combination style and %18.5 task-oriented.* The Burnout of %40.5 of players was over mean.* The commitment of %98 of players was over mean.*There was significant correlation between leadership style of task-oriented and burnout.*There was significant correlation between combination leadership style of coaches and commitment and burnout of players.* There was a significant but negative correlation between burnout and commitment.

The main Purpose of this study was to describe the status of Iran's Football Premier league clubs in five areas as follows, 1) Sport stadium and facilities, 2) status of development for grassroots and youth, 3) financial status, 4) Football fan, and 5) administration and human resources. Also, the status of Iran's Football Premier league clubs, with that of, in China, Malaysia, and England was compared in two areas, 1) sport stadium and facilities, and 2) administration and human resources. The research method of this study, in the first part, was descriptive and the status of fourteen clubs was described in above mentioned five areas. The existing status of these clubs were defined as per of the minimum qualifications which were drawn by European Football Confederation (UEFA), as bench mark, and illustrated in figures. In the second part, two clubs from Iran, one club from china, two clubs from Malaysia, and two clubs from England were selected and compared. All clubs have been participating in their respective countries' premier leagues. The sampling method was not random because of some limitations. But, the Participation in Premier leagues competition in their respective countries were the criteria for sampling selection. The research instrument for the first part was questionnaire, which consisted of 82 questions. The content validity of this questionnaire was acceptable by panel of experts. The collected data in the first part, for five areas were analyzed. In the second part, also, the research instrument was questionnaire, which consisted of 62 questions, based on the defined criteria by UEFA which already have been used for status assessment of the professional Football Clubs in Europe. Its content validity is accepted by UEFA. The statistical method in first part, was descriptive. In the second part, it was non-Parametric statistic, Kruskal Wallis. The research finding in the first part, in the area of sport stadium and facilities, is that 44.6% of the Iran clubs could meet the minimum necessary qualifications and 55.4% could not. In the area of status of development for grassroots and youth, 83.3% of the Iran clubs could meet the minimum necessary qualifications and 16.7% could not. In the area of financial status, 75% of the Iran clubs could meet the necessary qualifications and 25% could not. In the area of football fans, 46.5% of Iranian clubs could meet the minimum necessary qualifications and 53.5% could not. In the area of administration and human resources 74.6% of Iranian clubs could meet the minimum necessary qualifications and 25.4% could not. In the research findings, in the second part, there were no significant differences between the clubs from Iran, China, Malaysia, and England with respect of the status of administration and human resources and sport stadium and facilities. Meanwhile, the mean ranks of Iran's clubs in both sport stadium and facilities and administration and human resources is lower than that of China, Malaysia, and England.

Purpose: This study introduces Gymnastics Octal Test (GOT) and examines its psychometric features. Method: GOT was administered on 38 children (6-7 years). Afterwards, they participated in an 8-week gymnastics course. At the end of the course, the Modified Ellenbrand Gymnastics Skills Test (MEGST) was administered on them. Predictive validity of GOT was obtained by interclass correlation analysis between GOT and MEGST scores of children. Concurrent validity of GOT was obtained by administering the same tests on 27 young learners (18-22 years) of a gymnastics class. They completed GOT and MEGST during a week. Reliability of GOT was calculated by interclass correlation analysis using test-retest scores during 10 to 45 minutes.Results: Reliability of GOT was 0.91. Predictive and concurrent validity of GOT were 0.61 and 0.81, respectively. Logical and content validity of GOT are also discussed briefly in the study. Discussion and conclusion: Compared to other versions of Octal Test, a reliability of 0.91 is in the same acceptable range. However, a predictive validity of 0.61 and a concurrent validity of 0.81 are the greatest reported so far. A drop of 0.20 for predictive validity seems logical when it is considered that there was a 2-month gap between GOT and MEGST. In this period, individual differences in physical development and learning rate could be accounted for some alternations in re-test scores. Interclass correlations between different skills of gymnastics were reported to be 0.44 to 0.70. Experts also believe that a validity of more than 0.50 is well for movement assessing tests. Paying attention to the ease of administration, and confirmation of reliability and validity, it is highly recommended that GOT is applied for early stages of talent identification in gymnastics.

This research has considered the effect of retroactive inhibition on contextual interference in acquisition, retention, and transfer. Three independent blocked groups, blocked without retroactive inhibition (BL-without), blocked with 18 trials of retroactive inhibition (BL-18), and blocked with 36 trials of retroactive inhibition (BL-36), were created that varied in order of presentation of tasks. By testing a single task in retention and creating three independent blocked groups, varying amounts of retroactive inhibition were produced. This isolated the effects of retroactive inhibition on blocked compared to control and random subjects' retention. Male students of Amirkabir university of Tehran were population of this investigation. Seventy-five subjects (M=26, SD=3.18) who had evaluated themselves as not experienced in sport skills were selected randomly and fifteen subjects were randomly assigned to the five groups (random, control and three block groups). Findings of this research have shown that random group in acquisition have perform so weak and it was so different and positive in retention and transfer. The results support previous contextual interference findings and suggest that retroactive inhibition influences the retention deficits demonstrated by blocked compared to random subjects.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of endurance - strength training on the level of depression and compactness of phenyl alanine in the average level depressed students' serum. Forty of the students with an average level of depression with a rang of 21±0/96 year-old and stature of 176 ±6/5 CM and Weight of 69 ±8/9 have been selected by the Back's depression questionnaire and have been divided randomly in one of the fourth research groups (control, endurance training, strength training, endurance - strength training). At first, fasting serum phenyl alanine of the subject was measured. Then three protocols of training was explored for each group: endurance training (30 minutes, running with 70% of storing heart rate), strength training (30 minutes, weight training with 70% of maximum muscle strength) and endurance - strength training (15 minutes running, 15 minutes weight training with sane intensity of 1 and 2 groups) during 8 weeks and 3 session per week. At the end of the eighth week, the variables of study were remeasured and the data was analyzed with the one-way Anova. The results revealed a significant and similar decrease in the level of depression in all the groups. But the compactness of phenyl alanine did not show significant difference in all the groups. Therefore, the results of the study suggest that the effect of endurance, strength and combination of both trainings on decreasing the level of depression are the same and this effect is independent of the change of amino aside of phenyl alanine.

Historical research findings have revealed that, leadership styles have had a great influence and effect on success and failure of any organized events. Therefore the purpose of the study was to investigate, " the relationship between leadership styles of world elite wrestling coaches and their success in team championships. Seventy nine standardized questionnaires from elite world's wrestling coaches were analyzed. Correlation research design and correlation statistical methods were employed to analyze the collected data. Comparison between two different leadership styles and their relationship to the degree of success indicated that:1.There was no significant difference between human-oriented and Task-oriented style of leadership.2.There was no significant difference towards success between world's wresting coaches.3. There was no significant difference between attitudes of all wrestling coaches with respect to human-oriented and Task-oriented style.4. There was no significant difference between Iranian coaches' leadership styles and those of other countries' coaches.5. There was no significant difference between Iranian coaches' attitude towards success and those of other countries' coaches.Therefore; it was concluded that human-oriented leadership styles have a greater influence on coaches' success.6. There was no significant difference between Iranian coaches' personal characteristics and those of other countries' coaches.

The judo and taeckwondo are a modality that requests high levels of physical and psychological preparation, technique and tactics whose classification considers the age and the corporal mass. The aim of this research is to study the age-range of success of Judo and Taeckwondo at national levels over a 30 past year's period. The method of this project is descriptive and survey. The statistic variance Analysis (ANOVA), Tukey test and Pearsons r to compare groups and determine of coefficient correlation have been used for data analysis. The research results show that, there is a significant relationship between age-ranges of success Iranian national teams of judo and taeckwondo, and improve of results process in different age groups. In addition, results of study show significant different and observed in Age-range and zone of success of Iranian national level of judo and taeckwondo and International indexes including of the world championship and Olympic Games. The finding of this research indicate, there is a significant relationship between age-ranges of success Iranian national teams of wrestling, and improve of results process in different age groups. In addition, results of study show significant different and observed in Agerange and zone of success of Iranian national level of wrestling and International indexes including of the world championship and Olympic games. Furthermore, there are width differences between judoka and taeckwondo players in yearly changes for their successfully. Based on this, between approximately 10 - 13 years, change in judoka and 7-9 years in taeckwondo players were observed. In general, successful judoka and taeckwondo players showed gradually decrease in 30 past years activities. Analyzing the data show that younger athletes obtaining success in superior classes and may lead to a better performance. The survey of in this case requires more study.

Physical development has unique potential and timing which is affected by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, a proper level of knowledge about physical development provides a proper basis for community mass programming. However, lack of research in this area is readily apparent. The present study was carried out to describe physical characteristics of secondary school students in Tehran. Using a cross sectional design, a number of 1223 student were randomly chosen and their physical measures were taken. Descriptive statistics were used to describe data; independent t test was used to compare between genders; and ANOVA were used to compare variables in three age (class) groups and five districts. The level of significance in all cases was established at p<.05. Results indicated that parallel to increase in age, all measures (except sitting hight, shoulder width/ hip width ratio, density, and body fat index) increased significantly. Girls significantly showed increases in weight, sitting hieght, sitting hight/hieght ratio, upper arm length and circumference, hip width, wrist width, and chest circumference. Boys significantly showed increases in leg length, hand length, ankle width and circumference, and shoulder circumference. No difference in most measures was found in different districts.