Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
Year:2004 | Volume:8 | Issue:32|Papers Count:10

The Agricultural Trade Policy of Iran has witnessed profound reforms during the implementation of the Third Five Year Development Plan (TFYDP) of the country which have been unprecedented in the last two decades. In this paper attempts have been made to analyze and evaluate the past and present performance of Agricultural Trade Policy of Iran and to provide through Tariffication process, the tariff equivalences in the face of elimination of non-tariff barriers. For this purpose in the first section a rather comprehensive picture and analysis of Agricultural Trade Policy of Iran and its different dimensions are provided. The second section is devoted to the trend and experiences gained from the Agricultural Trade Policy at global level. The findings of the paper for the period 1368-1380 are presented at the forth section of the paper and for this purpose the methodology employed at Uruguay Round is employed and finally in the last section of the paper concluding remarks and recommendations are highlighted

One of the goals of socio - economic development programs is achieving social justice in country. Annually, in order to reach this goal, substantial part of national budget is allocated for food subsidies. This study is an effort to distinguish the role of subsidized commodities in Iranian households basket. On this basis, at first the nutrition value of subsidized foods received by rural and urban households are evaluated. Then, the role of (function of) subsidized commodities in providing nutrition value of households are calculated. The results indicate great deals of received nutrition value of households are provided through subsidized commodities. In addition, 10 to 20 per cent of rural and urban households have received nutrious energy (calories) less than what is standard.

Among commercial documents, paper check is the second largest payment instrument in Iran. Due to inherent complexity, poor security and high processing expenses of the paper check, an electronic check model which is in compliance with Iranian banking services and check law is presented. The iPay-eCheck system, we present in this paper, covers electronic cycle among payer, payee, payees bank and payers bank using the Internet, a domestic interbank switch and RTGS. We included a new Factor Company role to the model of FSTC and MANDATE eCheck systems for situations such as insufficient funds in the payers account. We also considered one user key pair and many account key pairs. With these key pairs, a user can have one signature for her/his membership in the bank, and a signature for each account which she/he has in the bank. Moreover, we assumed two different services, one for checking account holders to issue, receive and deposit eChecks, and the other for all other account holders just only to receive and deposit eChecks

This paper provides a theoretical relationship in which the ratio of consumption to production is correlated to the shares of imports and exports in production. It is calculated at the average level for all agricultural commodities and for all Ecos members-countries over the period of 1995-1999. It turns out that Eco as a whole is confronted with trade deficit in the international trade of the agricultural outputs since the number of its imported agricultural goods is tow times its exported goods. Furthermore, the most imported agricultural goods are considered as the political and strategically commodities and that it is impossible to find a member country to be as a potential exporter where it can offset the imported needs of the other members. The goods like wheat, maize, sugar crops, oil crops (Sunflower seed and vegetable oils) are imported by more than 90% of the Ecos members and so that these countries are to be depended critically on the main exporter countries in the world. This dependency would be accelerated since their demands for intermediate and final consumptions will be increased and so that their needs for raising hard currencies lead their foreign affairs and relations to be much more vulnerable.

This paper aims at the study and analysis of the impact of Iranian Border Markets activites on the Government revenues during the Period of 1994-2001. Our analytical method consist of a linear regression model in which total amount of imports, tariff and profit rate are included as explanatory and the government revenues as dependent variables. All the mentioned independent variables are significant at %5 critical region. According to the achieved results every %1 rise in the total amount of imports through Border Markets will decrees the revenues by %0.53

Using auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to take care of the "spurious problem", this paper examines terms of trade implications of diversification into manufactured exports in the Iranian economy. More specifically, it studies the impact of export diversification on net barter terms of trade (NBTT) and income terms of trade (INTT) of manufactured and non-oil export sectors in Iran. Moreover, it examines the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis related to terms of trade deterioration of primary commodity and agricultural product exports for the Iranian economy. It also estimates the long-run terms of trade for total exports. The results indicate that export diversification has a positive impact on NBTT of manufactured and non-oil exports. However, it is not strong enough to prevent the deterioration of NBTT of these sectors. Hence, diversification into manufactured exports might be considered as one of the solutions to improve terms of trade in Iran. The NBTT of primary commodity and agricultural product exports has deteriorated which confirms the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis. However, the long-run trend rate of NBTT for total exports (including oil exports) is positive. According to our findings the income terms of trade (INTT) has improved for all exporting sectors.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the factors impacting demand for travel to Iran in the form of tourism. Based on about three decades data on tourism the paper extimates the demand function for tourism industry. The modified model implies that one percent increase in ratio of the national retail consumer price index (NCPI) to the World retail consumer price index (WCPI) decreases .25 percent demand for travel to Iran. While one percent increase in the Gross Global Product (GGP) increases .45 percent demand for travel to Iran. The paper also shows that the internal social and political development as well as the security problems can determine considerably the rate of demand for travel to Iran which, in turn, can affect the shape the foreign exchange reserve negatively.