KNOWLEDGE AND DEVELOPMENT
Year:2008 | Volume:- | Issue:21|Papers Count:9

Attending the Preliminary acceptance of Iran Request to become a member of W.T.O after years of political opposition to this matter, a thorough study of all aspects of Iran Joining the W.T.W. Is very Important, taking in to Regard Iran's Economical Security, Through the full knowledge of the Effect of this act on other members of W.T.O and helping sound decision making by government of iran based on national interests and elation of iron position in today world.in order to prevent any hastily evaluation of pros and cons of joining the W.T.O in relation to national security, it is first necessary to answer the question that what effects has the joining of W.T.O on economical security of country as one of the elements of national security as a whole. In the present situation, to get a clear view of this effect and answer the above question, the only logical way is to study the experience of other countries leading to their membership of W.T.O. and Consequent Results on their economies. There for in this paper it is attempted to study W.T.O members experience of uoining it in a scientific, statistical and empirical frame work in order to find a good view of the joining effects on main economical variables of those countries doing it the final result of this research indicates that in all conditions, joining the W.T.O reduces the economical security of those countries that have done it, although it had not a similar effect on all those countries that were selected as samples. at last but not the least there are some recommendations and guidelines for how to join the W.T.O tanking in to regard the countries present situation.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze Esfahan’s molten metal company productivity during the First to the Third economic development Plans.In order to this, the indexes of retail and total factor productivity have been employed. While, CES production function has been used to survey total factor productivity of the company. Obtained results showed that total factor productivity of the company has experienced an upward trend during the period under study. Moreover, there was a significant relation between labor productivity from one side and per worker capital and wage from the other side. The study indicated that capital productivity experienced an upward trend during the primary years of the First Plan versus a downward trend during the Second and the Third Plans. But, labor productivity has almost enjoyed an increasing trend during the whole period under study. The achievement can be attributed to reduction of the number of employees, increasing capital stock and production of the company.

The spread of economic globalization with all its benefits resulted in increasing negative consequences in economic system, especially in capital market. One of these nega6ve consequences can be referred to phenomenon of money laundering.In spite of several consequences of money laundering to the economic, social and cultural sectors of a society, not all aspects of this matter have been considered by the authorities, yet. In this regard, the policies of confrontation with this matter have not been clearly defined in financial sectors, and no limitations have been imposed for money launderers. In capital and money markets, for this reason, it is worth it to study the consequences of money laundering with more clarity by research institutions.In accordance with above views, this article tried to study the negative economic effects of money laundering. Although, it is hard to quantify the negative economic effects of money laundering. Although it is hard to quantify the negative economic effects of money laundering on economic development, it is obvious in the views of experts, that these activities of the economic sectors which are important and vital for economic growth, (especially in developing countries) will confront with decoration, and by decreasing Efficiency in real economic sectors by not optimizing the allocation of resources, encourage criminal activities and administration corruptions.The money laundering can also sensibly affects the products combinations of an economic system. Consequently, money laundering has effective result on external sector of economy (international trade and flow of capital), and hence dominates the economic deteriorate of the country in long term.

Electronic commerce means doing all stages of commerce via computers and telecommunications without physical presence in it. Electronic commerce is not a tool besides other tools, but a new approach and method. A tactical approach for implementation of e-commerce could be dangerous and there should be a strategic approach.Electronic commerce attacks the traditional methods and causes a great deal of changes in organizations. Nowadays many countries consider this to advance their grade of competence in the international market. Each country may encounter some obstacles in using e-commerce. In this research these obstacles in Iran have been considered in four groups as follows:Lack of people information about capabilities and restrictions of e-commerce, lack of useful information in commercial information networks, lack of cooperation of relevant institutions, lack of hardware, software, and telecommunication infrastructures for e-commerce A strong impact was shown for each of these four items on e-commerce improvement.

Potential Production and It's deviation from actual production is one of important and interesting discussion in macroeconomics. Being aware of the size of potential production and the gaps of actual gross domestic product (GDP) is much important in Orienting monetary and fiscal policies and controlling inflation and unemployment rate.This paper has calculated the gap of actual GDP of Iran for the period of 1338-1383 through two methods. In first method a state- space model and kalman filter approach and in second method Hodrik Prescott model has been used. The results show that the estimates of state - space model for actual GDP gap is more compatible with recession and prosperity of Iraninan Economy and it can account for better the growths during 1338- 1353.More over, the state- space GDP gap has lower range of fluctuations than GDP gap of HP method. The reason is the power of state- space model for explaining the process of random walk with drift that exist in GDP of Iran. Finally in both methods of range of fluctuations have reduced in recent years and this can be found as a measure for increase in economic stability of the country.

Some economic activities which are located in informal economy are formed out of the zone of formal economy, governmental controls and rules regulating economic relations. Due to lack of requirement to capital and high skill and expertise, low costs of production, free competition and lack of various rules theses activities are full of attraction for most of unskilled and illiterate labor force and considerably adjust the pressures on labor market. Some of the most important of these activities by the name of informal sector have high portion of employment and production in informal economy such as home jobs and industries, pedlary and hawking. Investigation of the employer's situation in informal section and their traits, determinant factors and survey the ways of organizing it, are the result of a field study as. stratified random sampling, and data descriptive analysis throughout Mashhad that are summarized in the present paper. The results show that because of different reasons such as centralization of old and a little young population, widespread illiteracy or low literacy and lack of sufficient skill and expertise, it is impossible to neglect theses jobs or attract them into the activities of formal economy section which requires literate and expert labor force in appropriate age.So organizing these jobs can first limit the negative effects and secondly spread the positive effects of these activities.

Identification of each region situation in relation to other regions in one of the important and necessary factors for regional planning. In this research we have used economic and social statistical indexes and methodologies of taxonomy and factor analysis to estimate the development degree of economic and social sectors and inequality severity among them, in Lorestan province's cities, in time span 1373 and 1382.Outcomes show that inequality in education, industry, hygiene and therapy, dwelling and welfare services sectors has been increased, and in agricultural sector, it has been decreased.

Today the application of portfolio management techniques have exceeded beyond the realm of stock markets and expanded into the management of oil and gas projects. Present paper recommends to combine the Markowitz' portfolio optimization and capital asset pricing model as a new method considering existing limited natural gas resources, gas export projects, expansion of petrochemical complexes fed by natural gas and gas injection projects. Through this method which is used for the first time for solving this problem, efficient portfolios are first recognized. These portfolios are obtained from different allocations to diversified options of natural gas consumption and provide maximum value under different risks. The series of these efficient portfolios give rise to frontier efficiency function and curve. Then, by means of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) which is a simple correlation between expected return and investment risk in a competitive market, an optimum efficient portfolio is determined. To this end, all possible portfolios are definitely evaluated so that the capital market line can be drawn. As a result the optimum combination is hammered out where the efficiency function curve crosses the capital market line. The final results of the calculations by this method indicate optimum portfolios with diversified combinations of petrochemicals, gas injection and natural gas exports projects under five scenarios of 100 MMCM, 200 MMCM, 300 MMCM, 400 MMCM and 500 MMCM of produced natural gas along with the expected value and equivalent risk.