Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
Year:2016 | Volume:- | Issue:79|Papers Count:8

The main purpose of this study is to assess the impact of economic sanctions on composition of major trade partners of Iran (1992-2013). For this purpose, sanctions have been divided in to limited, moderate and extensive sanctions based on the scales provided by Hufbauer and compiled two dummy variables in the model, Then the impact of this dummy variables along with other variables in the model's share of trade with partners have estimated by Panel data analysis. The model structure this study consists of two stages. At first, the model was estimated for all foreign trade partners. The results showed that extensive economic sanctions not only in current period but also in post-sanctions period has reduced Iran’s trade share with the trading partners. Second, to analyze the sensitivity of the model estimation results, all selected countries were divided into two groups, declining trade with Iran, ascending trade with Iran countries by using Iranian trade share with them. The results showed that extensive economic sanctions not only in current period but also in post-sanction period have reduced Iran trade with the first group on the other hand the trade with second sub-group countries has reduced in the period of sanctions.

In recent years, information and communication technology has been introduced as one of the most important economic and industrial development factors in countries and especially high-tech industries. It was highly effective in promoting and growth of industry and for overtaking other competitors in the global business area. Therefore, according to the importance of information and communication of technology (ICT), in development of industries trade, it is necessary to analyze the role of it in industrial trade relations between Iran and its trading partners based on the level of technology. In order to resolve the imbalance among the selected countries, panel data method is used. The investigated model for this purpose, using panel data for 18 superior trading partners of Iran during 2011-2000 is estimated.The results of this study indicate a positive and significant impact of ICT on business model of these countries. Also the impact of ICT on high-tech industries business is higher than low-tech industries business and development of information and communication technology compensates the negative effect of geographical distance and increases the volume of trade between countries.

Consumer purchase intention depends on the probability of meeting his expectation but while buying under time pressure, it depends on Point of Sales (POS) communications. Packaging is one of the most important factors influencing consumer decisions in POS. This research aims to investigate the effect of Islamic symbols in food packaging on purchase intention of Muslim consumers.Method: This research is applied by objective and descriptive-survey by nature and method. Gathered data through questionnaire are analyzed with Partial Least Square (PLS). Statistical population of this research is 17000 students of University of Guilan and sampling method is convenient sampling.Results: Results indicate the positive impact of Islamic symbols in food packaging on purchase intention of Muslim consumers, although, this effect is significant for consumers with higher level of religiosity. Also results show that Islamic symbols in food packaging increases the value of that product for consumers with higher level of religiosity.Conclusion: Results of this research help the marketers, that want to promote their products in Islamic markets, understand how and when to use Islamic symbols in food packaging.

Trademark law consists of legal and specially economic foundations. Thus, the requirement of this assessment related judgments is the awareness of its foundations. The aim of trademark law is facilitating of trade in market and achieving of economic efficiency, beside the consideration of moral normative. So it's important that the consequence of judgment accords with the ambition of trademark law. Nonetheless, nowadays to what extent judgments are based on foundations? Theses day to what extent judgments fulfill the goals of trademark law? this essay seek to answer to these questions by explanation of the foundations of trademark law and criticizes judgments based on this explanations. This essay indicates courts pay attention to legal foundations more than economic foundations, whilst economic nature trademark should be paid more attention to consideration of economic foundations during adjudication.

Today, commercial enterprises have to interact with global markets in order to keep ahead of the competition. Basically, to reduce the national dependence on oil and gas exports, indeed we need meticulous attention to non-oil exports in Iran. The current study intends to prioritize the target markets of Iran’s pistachio by using qualitative and quantitative factors. The quantitative indices are derived from each target market through FAO and TRADEMAP statistical reports. The quality indicators include political, market potential, economic, cultural, legal and infrastructural factors which come from the experts of Yazd province by using paired comparisons questionnaire, therefore a numerical value was given to each quality description. According to the results, by using fuzzy TOPSIS approach, the export destinations in order of priority are Hong Kong, Germany, Luxembourg, Russia, Spain, China, the Netherlands, Italy, France and Belgium.

In current research, it is estimated the cost function of the refah bank along with the production inputs share The purpose of this paper was to estimate the cost function and the inputs share function of the Refah Bank using 1990-2010 data, and to calculate own and cross price elasticities of inputs. The results show that inputs of the Refah Bank are substitutes for each other and the cross elasticity of physical capital and manpower exceeds that of manpower and physical capital. The results also reveal that Refah Bank enjoys increasing return in expanding its activities.

Nowadays, in accordance with multiplicity and unpredictability of commercial and non-commercial risks in international trde field, providing security in international commercial contracts has gained significant importance. Contracts which provide guarantee in international trade field, by regarding these two necessities, have the responsibility of providing guarantee and security in all types of international commercial contracts with each of them due to specific qualities and merchants's requirements are used in different domains. Although these contracts include a wide range of contracts but it could be said that they generally comply with the same qualities and disciplines. These mentioned disciplines are: promisory, subordinative, temporary, transferability, irrevocable, indefinite, commutative, procedural, not-suspended, conditional, delayed, and based of moghabeneh. This research whith introducting a number of guarantee-contracts in international trade field, tries to investigate the general requirements of these contracts.