Geography and Development
Year:2013 | Volume:11 | Issue:32|Papers Count:20

The main objective of this paper is to review the factors affecting on development of rural entreprenership in Sistan and Baluchestan orovince. Firstly, the research history to gether with the performed researches were studied. Then, based on theoric investigations, the variables including "creating rural growth centers(Ankobaturs) in Sistan and Baluchistan," "empowerment of rural women and girls" and "Information and communication Development in villages of Sistan and Baluchistan province, were identified as the factors affecting on development of entrepreneurship in Sistan & Baluchestan villages. On this basis, a questionnaire was designed and has given to 140 postgraduated students of university as statistical samples. The collected data, after coding by multiple regression statistical tests and using SPSS statistical software and structural equation model were analyzed by Lisler software.In both methods, as the participants in the sudy believed, there is no significant relationship between the variables of empowering women and girls and developing Information and communication technologies in the rural areas with the development of rural entrepreneurship, But there is a significant relationship between the variable of creating growth centers in the villages with rural entrepreneurship development in Sistan & Baluchestan villages.

Salt hills in Zagros Mountains are one of the most important areas that have Diaper phenomenon in Iran and the world. Kakan region is of Hormuz diaper series that have devastating effects on water and soil quality and from the view point of natural resources has not been introduced. Therefore, in order to determine the obvious impact of diapers on water and soil resources, water and soil sampling was made. The sampling of water samples were taken during different times and places, and randomly. So that density of the samples was more in the adjacent of diaper. Also in each sampling point, water flow rate was measured. Analysis results and the chemical properties of soil and water samples showed that although the studied diapers are not extensive and a small part of the river passes through it, but it is the only factor for Stalinization of the water of Shor river, and according to hydrological and hydro geological conditions, its effects can be different. In fact, the diapers studied in this area were active that depending on the weather conditions can have severe damages in the area. Also results of statistical analysis showed a significant difference between water quality characteristics of the river before and after the rainfall. Also the results of correlation matrix showed a significant relationship between water quality characteristics with the flow rate after the rainfall and no significant difference was observed before the rainfall. Due to the small effective area on water quality and its soil degradation, it can be said that by controlling the water of saline springs and also by creating plant coverages in waterways in the diapered area, the amount of water and soil degradation in this region and in the downstream regions will decrease.

Nowdays fishing activities play both directly and indirectly an important role in the life of millions people all around the world. fishing has an overriding effect on the coastal villages of oman sea and also a salient role has being played by that both economically and socially. For special geographical and natural advantages, rich fishing potentialities are possessed by Oman coastal villages, but fishing limited with its traditional structure yet and is not developed as much as capacities belonging to and is threated by lots of difficulties rural fishiers are remained at a low level of development. As an applied investigation with an analytical method, the present research evaluates the issue relying analytically on documental and field results. The most major data collective tool is completing questionnaires and interviews which experts take part in. the planning of strategic fishing activities is based on the precise strategy condification framework.The results of the research show that fishing activities within coastal villages having 12 adventages, 12 disadvantages, 10 opportunities and also 10 external threats, both possess various abilities and interface sorce bottlenecks. The results of the present research are the deriving of 28 developing, conservation, variety and defensive strategies through out analytical methods. According to matrix of internal and external factors, fishing and aquiculture activities have a suitable condition and their total score is more than 2.5. In order to reach developed fishing activities within the foresaid villages, developmental strategies have to be emphasized.

Lorestan province, inspite of having distinct tourist areas such as: Falkol Aflak Castle, Gahar lake, beautiful waterfalls, ancient history, unique cultural heritages, strategic situation and many other opportunities like increasing travel incentive among people, Having specialists, Suitable climatic and natural conditions, is faced with weaknesses and threats in using the capacities of this area. The purpose of this study is to identify the weak and strong points, opportunities and the threats which tourists are faced with and offering proper and effective strategies.In this study, for identifying the strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats faced with, some interviews have been made with some tourists, scholors of the state administrative and organizations relevant with tourism and hotel industry and owners of travel agencies and recreational centers who had years of experiences in this field and by using Swot model, from the confluence of these factors together, the appropriate strategies in four categories of SO, ST, WO and WT was determined. At the next stage, for selecting the best strategy for development of this indystry, the quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) was used. In this study, for determining the weights of SWOT elements, a questionare was prepared based on Likert scale with 5 options and has been completed by 30 people of experts and experienced people of tourism industry in Lorestan province.The results show the suitable strategies for tourism development in Lorestan province are defensive strategies. WT3 strategy with an average of 1.85 with emphasize on encouraging people to travel to the province and advertizing tourist attractions in the goal markets has been recommended as the best strategy.

Smuggling goods is one of the trading forms which its formation backs to the time of creating borders and economic laws governing on these areas. This form of trading, inspite of having economical losses for the country, has a great importance For the inhabitants of border areas especially for the villagers, because in most cases, it is considered as the only source of income for the villagers who live near the borders. In this research, the economic effects of smuggling on rural areas of “ Khav and Mirabad “district as a rural border in the West of Iran (Marivan Township) has been reviewed. The total residents of the area were 11849 families and the number of samples was 133 families. The villages were classified into three categories according to their distance from the border line (far, middle and near) among them 5 villages were studied as the sample. The number of samples were selected based on the ratio of the number of families of each village. For field studies, the questionnaire was designed in two levels of families and villages.Correlation analysis of the research variables was performed using SPSS software. The results indicate wide smuggling in this area due to the proximity of international borders with Iraq, which has a positive effect on the people’s life in the fields of employment, income and also on other economical existing sections in this area and these effects are more sever in the villages near the boarders. And finally, unemployment and weaknesses of economical activities in the region have been identified as the most important reasons of villager's tendency for smuggling.

With respect to urban sustainability, of the vital topics in 21st century for urban planning specialists are the type of urban form (centralization or sprawl) and suburbia or neo urbanization. In fact, this is a movement from a mechanical city toward a future city (nodal information of urban transit) and city restoration. Therefore information of spatial form could have main role in successfull urban planning and to help urban environment improvement. The current research aims at identifying the urban model of Urmia City in order to plan to achieve urban optimum pattern.This study is of applied type and the method of its investigation is descriptive-analytical. Required data and information was collected through the results of General Census of population and housing, urban comprehensive and detailed plans, also through documens, magazines and the books relevant with the subject and different organizations and the data was analyzed by Mat lab and Excel in models of Holderness, Shannon’s entropy, Moran and Geary’s coefficients. Findings indicate that the model of urban develpment is sprawl and this leads to un sustained ecological, social and economical and urban form. Regarding the consequences of sprawl growth and moving toward achieving sustainable development and sustainable urban form, it appears that decentralized centralization method (changing one central city into multicentre one based on centralization and multiplication of activities in sub centers) with the emphasis on principles and strategies of urban smart growth is the best model for achieving sustainable form in the future.

Lack of farming land Consolidation in all of the cities of the country, has made a lot of problems in appropriate use of production factors and achieving agricultural and rural sustainable development. Proper use of production factors for operating the potential facilities, implementing the law of land consolidation, making the production as cooperative or gathering small and dispersed farms, creating suitable lands for production and collecting the human and monetary capitals of the villagers, are considered as the main and basic strategies for achieving the agriculture and rural sustained development.Obviously participation of farmers in farming land Consolidation can be the underlying strategic goals. Farming in South-Khorasan is faced with an increasing number of problems due to its traditional texture and small units of operation. Therefore, for increasing the production output, mechanization of cultivation, Efficient use of water, improving farm management, land Consolidation plan in 72 Hectares in Khoosf Township in South-Khorasan has been performed. In this research, while stating the acceptance scale of farmers, will stusy the effective factors on the tendency of formers for accepting and participitation in performance of farming land Consolidation plan. Presented research is of applied-development type and its method is descriptive-analytic one. The required data were gathered through 2 questioners (farmers and experts), interview, observation and making question and were analyzed by using statistical techniques and Excel & Spss softwares. The obtained results of this research show that there is a meaningful relation between independent variables of age, gender, job & educational level of operators and their will to take part in farming land Consolidation plan.

In this paper, Geographic information system (GIS) modeling is used in combination with three-dimensional (3D) rockfall process modeling to assess rockfall hazards. The 3D rockfall model considers dynamic processes on a cell plane basis. It uses inputs of distributed parameters in terms of raster and polygon features created in GIS. Rockfall process simulation results, 3D rockfall trajectories and their velocity features either for point seeders or polyline seeders are stored in 3D shape files. Distributed raster modeling, based on 3D rockfall trajectories and a spatial geostatistical technique, represents the distribution of spatial frequency, the flying and/or bouncing height, and the kinetic energy of falling rocks. A distribution of rockfall hazard can be created by taking these rockfall characteristics into account for case study. The results showed that only 15% of the susceptible areas have a risk of over average and all have been placed at a slope of over 60% and are of colluvial slope type.

Today, sustainable development approach has a great value and importance as a framework for sustainability analysis of human settlements as general and rural settlements, as particular. But due to relative concept of sustainability in different location and time situations, the researchers are faced with considerable complexities. Hence, analysis of sustainability in different situations needs the availibility of certain indices which are fully compatible with the facts of the considered subject and also provides the full recognition of the characteristics of the under study society, in a way to determine the proper methods for sustainabaility.Metropolitan areas are among the areas that due to different systems of various relationships of habitats and the presence of socio- economical and political forces originating from metropolitan area, has given a different characteristics to its adjacenct rural settlements, hence due to these forces and processes, rural areas have a different socio- cultural, economical and environmental characteristics comparing with the other rural areas. Therefore, the current and public indexes are not eligible to evaluate all the facts and unique effective forces and trends in metropolitian areas. So the evaluation and assessment in such a situation requires the development of a particular methodology and special indicator package.This study, with such an approach, seeks the development and localization of a set of evaluation and assessment indices in different dimensions for rural habitats residing at rural settlements of Tehran metropolis area.Methodology of this study is based on descriptive- analysis and surveying methods. This study, while providing a new methodological framework, by using the view point of scientific experts introduced 64 indices (among 206 indices) including 15 ecological environmental indices, 21 socio-cultural, 15 economical, and finally 13 physical- infrastructural indicators for evaluating and assessment of sustainablility of rural settlements at metropolitian areas, which using them provides a real study and analysis of sustainability conditions in rural settlements of metropolitian areas. The results of this study shows that regarding the average analysis of the value of selected indices, the socio-cultural indices with 7.92 scores in comparing with the other indices has more validity in analysis of sustainability, economical indices with 7.8 scores, natural with 7.34 and physical -infrastructural ones with 7.32 scores are placed at the next levels.

Nowadays, awareness of the facilities and problems of rural areas and analyzing them is very important in the process of rural development planning and considered necessary to provide some kind of plans and development programs. Rural improvement projects are rural development projects in which it is tried to improve and organize rural housing. The purpose of this study was to analyze driving components in successful implementation of improvement and reconstruction plans in rural housing. A descriptive-correlation survey approach was used in this study. The statistical population of this study consisted of the rural housing loan recipients in 2009 in Khodabandeh, Zanjan province. Sample size was estimated using Cochrane formula (n=1040) and selected with random sampling method.. The questionnaire was used for data collection in this study. Reliability and content validity has been confirmed using Cronbach's coefficient alpha (0.80), and surveys of specialists and professors associated with the issue. Data analysis has been made by using SPSS software. Results of factor analysis has shown that technical (20.82), service - credit (18.74), social - cultural (12.35) and organizational - administrative(11.56) are most important factors driving the successful implementation of improvement and renovation projects of rural housing that has explained 63.48 percent of total variance.

Wazire twin alluvial fan is located in the south of Ghatroye town of Nayriz city in Fars province, laying on the basin of Ashegh spring. It is a combination of two alluvial fans, the previous one is older, overlain by new alluvial fan. The present research aims to examine the effects of tectonic on creation of Wazire twin alluvial fan. To this reason, active tectonic in this basin was investigated by means of topographic maps, satellite images and geologic maps and the tectonic situation of the studied area was investigated, using active tectonic indexs: stream length - gradient index, mountain- front sinuosity index, the ratio of valley - floor width to valley height, index of triangle ratio, drainage basin shape ratio, hypsometry integral index. The results of the present research show that, adapting to the faults, stream lengh - gradient index has many alteration at four points. Indexes of mountain - front sinuosity, ratio of valley - floor width to valley height, triangular ratio, drainage basin shape ratio and hypsometry integral were calculated as 1.08, 1.6, 1.79, 1.7, and 1.4, respectively. It shows relatively high tectonic activities, which are manifested in the performance of Wazire Fault. Wazire Fault has brought down the hollow of Maidan-e-gell, and consequently has resulted in increase of up-lift rate related to erosion rate, So, twins alluvial fan of Wazire has been created.

Tourism development in to geographical areas especially ecotourism, in addition to their economic, social and cultural consequences, will also leave great environmental impacts on geographical locations. If careful preventive and proactive measures in the form of strategy formulation, setting standards and ongoing specific assessments are not taken, destructive effects of ecotourism in an extensive human and physical dimension will take place as a result of such activities. On this basis, this paper is aiming at investigating tourism in Shahid Kunani Forest Park in Boluran City and formulating effective strategies for the expansion of tourism considering all aspects of tourism such as economic, social and environmental parameters. This park is located on the lands owned by two villages named Abolvafa and Boluran of Kuhdasht city in Lorstan province. The research methodology was an integrated one which consisted survey, descriptive and analytical research methods. The initial research findings were analyzed through SWOT techniques considering 8 strengths, 9 weaknesses, 7 threats and finally 7 opportunities. As a result of this analysis 25 applied strategies were formulated and finally taking advantage from TOPSIS technique the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were ranked considering the view of officials, tourist and the residents from the neighboring villages. The results reveal that the external threats have greater impacts compared to other parameters impacting the park. Therefore, it is recommended that for the expansion of ecotourism in this region, the defensive strategies should take precedence.