Anatomical Sciences Journal
Year:2008 | Volume:5 | Issue:21-22|Papers Count:10

purpose: To determine and record the dimensions of various parts of the cerebellum and also to compare the values obtained for dimensions with age and sex of healthy people by MRI. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental study carried out on 300 healthy individuals referred to imaging center at Imam Reza hospital in the city of Kermanshah, Iran. The precondition for people to enter the study was the approval made by in-house physician based on person’s state of health and the absence of any pathological lesion in brain on the basis of images obtained by MRI. After performing MRI, The dimensions of target parts in cerebellum were calculated by the MRI-associated measuring system and recorded along with the age and sex of the patients.  The data analysis was performed using t test, correlation coefficient and regression. Results: In General, the mean size of the different parts of the cerebellum recorded in mm were as follows: The length of right hemisphere of cerebellum (61.68±2.33], the length of left hemisphere of cerebellum (61.83±1.95], the height of right hemisphere of cerebellum (39.58±2.06], the height of left hemisphere of cerebellum (39.56±1.87], the transverse length of right hemisphere of cerebellum (49.25±1.67], the transverse length of left hemisphere of cerebellum (49.20±1.67], the transverse length of cerebellum (98.48±3.00], the height of vermis (43.13±2.50], the length of superior part of vermis (25.60±1.46], the length of inferior part of vermis (17.59±1.54], the height of posterior part of vermis (21.83±1.74], and finally the length of pyramid of vermis (9.16±1.12]. Conclusion: Based on data found in our study, all parts of the cerebellum except the length of pyramid and the distal height of vermis are bigger in men than in women. Also, more parts of the cerebellum in men were showing of having a significant correlation with age changes compared with women and each part followed a specific pattern in accordance with age changes.

Purpose: This study sought to investigate the presence of oxytocin receptors and the possible biological role of oxytocin as an effective factor in the differentiationof embryonic stem cells into cardiomyocytes. Materials and Methods: Mouse ESCs were cultivated in hanging drops to form embryoid bodies (EBs). The EBs were then treated with and without oxytocin (experimental and control groups). Up to 30 days after plating, contraction and beating frequency were monitored and evaluated daily the characteristics of the ESC-derived cardiomyocytes were assessed by immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: In the experimental group, the percentage of the EBs with spontaneous contraction was significantly increased from 17th day onward. The beating cells of groups, stained positive with anti a-actinin, desmin, cardiactroponin I and connexin antibodies. Oxytocin receptors were detected on the ESCs and derived-differentiated cells. In addition, cardiac-specific genes such as cardiac a- and b-myosin heavy chain, myosin light chain-2v, and atrial natriuretic factor were also detected in the ESC-derived differentiated cells of both groups. In the experimental group, all the specific genes with the exception of α-myosin heavy chain, were more pronounced at the early stage of cardiomyocyte development.Conclusion: oxytocin has receptors on undifferentiated ESCs and derived differentiated cells, it can play role in development of cardiomyocytes during embryonic period.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to understand if EBs can promote generation of neurons following co-culture with chick embryo somites.Materials and Methods:  The mouse ES cells, line Royan B1, were cultured in hanging drops to induce embryoid bodies (EBs) formation.  Then, RA was added to some EBs according to 2-/2+/2+ protocol to evaluate the potential of their neuron generation. Somites were isolated from the chick embryos and then embedded in alginate solution. Finally, alginate beads containing somites were co-cultured with EBs as 1:1 and 4:1 ratio.Results:  Mean percentage of EBs containing neurons in RA, somite 4:1, somite 1:1 and control were 82.8%, 35.3% , 21.1% and 4.8% , respectively. Our results showed that EBs can promote generation of neurons following co-culture with somites and somite 4:1 had more profound effect on neural induction compared to somite1:1. The neurons were formed rapidly in RA and somites groups than control group.  The somite groups induced higher rosette formation which had the capacity to generate neurons upon isolation and replating. Finally, the neural properties were confirmed by immunocytochemistry procedures.Conclusion: Chick embryonic somites can induce ES cells –derived EBs to generate neurons in vitro and may lead to formation of rosette structures with neuron formation capacity.

Purpose: The aim of present investigation was to evaluate low frequency low-level infra red diode laser therapy for a third degree burn healing in rats skin.Materials and Methods: 36 rats were divided into groups one and two. On day zero three third degree burns were made on the dorsum of each rat by steam. In group one ,first burn were exposed to a 80 Hz –pulsed 890 nm infra red diode laser with o.396 J/cm2 three times a week. In group two, first burn was exposed to the laser with shot down laser. In both groups, second burns were treated with topical application of nitrofurazone % 0.2. In both groups, third burns did not receive any treatment and were considered as control burn. Burns were clinically examined .Wound closure of burns were recorded and compared by paired student t test .On days 8, 12, and 20 microbiological samples of burns were collected and analysed. The data of each extracted micro organisms of burn were compared. A further comparison was made between micro organisms assumed to be pathogen and micro organisms presumed to be non-pathogen. Data were analyzed by chi-square method.Results: Paired student t test showed wound closure rate of laser-treated burns (17.6±days) was significantly higher than that of its control burn(19.6±days)(p=0.007). There were not significant difference between each micro organism and also between micro organisms assumed to be pathogen and micro organisms presumed to be non-pathogen.Conclusion: Low-level laser therapy with a diode laser significantly accelerated third degree burn healing in rat.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the growth and survival rate of preantral follicles isolated from vitrified ovarian tissue by cryotop.Materials and Methods: Ovaries of 14-day-old NMRI mice were separated and divided into three groups fowling as: vitrified, toxicity tested and control groups. Ovaries in the experimental groups were immersed in equilibration and vitrification solution composed of ethylene glycol (EG), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in HEPES-buffering tissue culture medium 199 (TCM 199) with human serum albumin(HSA), then in vitrification group ovaries loaded on cryotop and plunged into liquid nitrogen whereas in toxicity test group ovaries immediately were submitted to warming process. After three weeks the vitrified ovaries were warmed and Histological evaluation was performed. Preantral follicles from ovaries in three groups were isolated by mechanical dissection and isolated follicles were cultured for 4 days to compare survival rate and diameters of follicles between mentioned groups).Results: Survival rate in toxicity group (97.4%), alike the control group (98.7%) were significantly higher than the vitrification group (92.7%), (p<0.05). Increasing in follicles diameter after 4 days in vitrification group was significantly lower than the control and toxicity test groups (p<0.05).Conclusions: In spite of significantly difference in survival rate of preantral follicles between control and vitrification group, ovarian tissue vitrification by cryotop highly preserves the viability rate of the preantral follicles.

Purpose: The goal of this research was to study of the protective effects horse tail (HT) plant extract on the central degeneration of alpha motoneurons (AM) of spinal cord.Materials and Methods: The lesioned sciatic rats were divided into sham, control and 3 experimental groups and treated by 15 mg/kg, ip HT extract. The animals were care for one month and then were sacrificed and perfused cardially by 10% formaldehyde and the lumbar segments of their spinal cord dissected and sampled. After histological processing, by using a stereological technique (dissector), the numerical density (Nv) of AM in the ventral horn of lumbar spinal cord were estimated in all groups. Results: The results are showing that although the Nv of AM of shams is significantly lower than the control (p<0.001), but the Nv of AM of almost of all experimental groups is higher than of sham group (p<0.05). More over there is no significant difference between experimental and control groups.Conclusion: These findings indicate that administration of HT extract has a beneficial effect on the survival of AM and may prevent or delay the central degeneration.

Purpose: The aim of this study was evaluation of effects of sodium tungstate on oxidative stress in pancreas of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty mature Wistar male rats (Age: 2-3 month) were selected and divided into six groups randomly (n=10). Control (C), STZ-induced diabetic (D), STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated by sodium tungstate (1 mg/ml) in drinking water at one week before induction of diabetes and throughout the experiment (TDB), food-restricted diabetic group (FRD) with an equal amount of food as that consumed by the TDB group, healthy control rats treated with sodium tungstate (TC), diabetic rats treated with sodium tungstate from one week after STZ administration (TDA). Food and fluid intake of all above rat groups were measured daily and bodyweight, blood glucose and insulin were measured every week. At the end of the treatment period (five weeks after induction of diabetes) after overnight fast, all animals were sacrificed under light ether anesthesia. Immediately, blood samples were collected from tail vein. Glucose levels were measured by oxidase-peroxidase enzyme method, and serum insulin levels were determined by ultra sensitive rat insulin kit, using ELISA. The pancreas was quickly removed and a piece of it placed in cold saline solution used to determination of antioxidant power. The lipid peroxidation product (MDA) was measured in nanomoles of MDA-TBA complex. The thiobarbitiuric acid reactive substances (TBRAS) were expressed per milligram of tissue protein. Antioxidant power of blood and pancreas were measured by ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP). Another portion of pancreas was fixed in modified Lilli’s solution. fter tissue blocking in paraffin 4 µm thick sections prepared and was stained for granulated beta-cells by the modified aldehyde fuchsin method. Stained section examined by light microscope. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey´s post hoc test for multiple comparisons were used to compare differences between experimental groups. Significant level was set at p< 0.05. Results: Blood glucose levels of TDB group were lower than D, TDA, and FRD groups (p< 0.01); and were comparable with control rats in the period of treatment. Blood insulin levels of TDB, TDA, D and FRD rats were lower than C and TC rats (p<0.01). In addition, blood and pancreas antioxidant power were increased in TDB rats in comparison with D, TDA and FRD groups (p<0.01). Likewise, blood and pancreas lipid peroxidation were decreased in TDB rats than D, TDA and FRD groups (p< 0.01). Histological study showed that granulated beta cells in TDB rats were greater than D, TDA and FRD groups. Conclusion: Results demonstrate that sodium tungstate can reduce oxidative stress and increase antioxidant power in blood and pancreas of rats. Thus, Sodium tungstate treatment before STZ injection can preserve pancreatic beta cells from STZ-induced damages.

Purpose: Circulatory system is very important because of injection, Blood transfer and centeral venous catheter insertion. The superficial veins, especially the external jugular vein (EJV) are increasingly being utilized for cannulation to conduct diagnostic procedures or intravenous therapies. The anomalous drainage of veins is of great significance for vascular surgeons and reconstructive surgery. Materials and Methods: During the dissection of right neck area a approximately 50 years old male for educational purposes, we found an abnormally coursing facial vein which has joined the external Jugular vein. Result: In this anomalous case, the facial vein crossed the base of the mandible just posterior to the facial artery , lying deep to platysma, coursing obliquely over the sternocleidomastoid (S.C.M) muscle and joined the (EJV) 8cm inferior of mandibular angle. The retromandibular vein did not split into anterior and posterior division. It joined withe the posterior auricular vein to form the (EJV). external jugular vein decended obliquely across the S.C.M and drained into the subclavian vein in the posterior triangle On the other side of the neck facial vein and retromandibulra vein had normal courses.Conclusion: Knowledge of anomalous drainage of the facial vein is therefore important to avoid an inappropriate dissection which may cause sever damage.

Studies of the biology of human embryonic stem cells (hES cells) have developed rapidly over the past nine years since the first reports of their derivation. They clearly offer enormous potential, not only for regenerative medicine, but also for drug discovery and toxicology, human developmental biology and cancer research. Realizing these potentials a better understanding of the fundamental aspects of hES cells in vitro including maintaining , the quality of cells in their pluripotent state as well as improving aspects of experimental preparations , subpassaging and cryopereservation .The basic protocol describes the generation of mouse ES cells on mouse embryonic fibroblasts to provide simple method to hES cell establishment . Here we describe step by step the protocol of mouse and human ES cell generation, maintenance, subculturing , and cry preservation.