PAZHUHESH-E ZABANHA-YE KHAREJI
Year:2004 | Volume:- | Issue:15|Papers Count:12

Intertextuality manifests the relation among literary discourses. By benefiting from intertextuality one can compare the short story "Three Drops of Blood" by Sadegh Hedayat with the poem "Three Drops of Blood on Snow" in Perceval ,Graal Story by Chretien de Troyes. Hedayat's story begins in a lunatic asylum: the blood of a canary or a cat, spills on the ground. The story ends at Siavash's house and the blood of another cat is spilled. Perceval's story begins from a sparsely grown spot in a forest. A hawk spills the blood of a goose.Upon the arrival of Gauvain and taking of Perceval to the court of King Arthur, the story ends.

Mikhail Bakhtin is one of the greatest thinkers in the field of literary theory and especially the novel. By introducing concepts such as dialogism, polyphony and the carnivalesque in his writings, Bakhtin succeeded in viewing the novel from a quite new angle. His notion of the polyphonic novel- whose defining trait is the multiplicity of the independent voices and consciousnesses of the characters- and his unprecedented view of the carnival and laughter and the regenerative power inherent in these phenomena, provide the reader with useful means to study this genre in a new light. By drawing upon these concepts, we can arrive at a rather original interpretation of Joyce's Ulysses, which is, to many a critic, the greatest novel of the twentieth century. The variety of the voices and consciousnesses that each offers a world-view specific to its own in the novel and Joyces ingenious use of the stream of consciousness technique and interior monologue can add Ulysses to the list of polyphonic novels favored by Bakhtin. Besides, a great number of similarities between Joyce and Rabelais - who, for Bakhtin, immortalized the carnival spirit and its accompanying laughter in literature - allows us to see the presence of these elements in Joyces intrinsically comic novel. By first discussing Ulysses and attempting to describe Bakhtin's main ideas and theories, this study aims to trace in Joyce's Ulysses the two fundamental concepts in Bakhtin's thought, namely polyphony and the carnivalesque.

Short story appeared in 19th century. For the industrial society citizens who had not enough time for reading, it was a great opportunity. This literary genre has a considerable place in the world contemporary literature. Studying the morphology of short story, makes us acquainted with the role of space, action and characters and their structural usage in this genre. Morphologic approach to Mateo Falcones story, reveals a section of a life to reader; through this section, the structural elements of a short story, have been examined and analyzed.

Guy de Maupassant was one of the great French novelists in 19th century. His novels, as compared with other ones blaze the trial in innovating the contents, smoothness in novel writing. Thanks to these characteristics, he initiated a noticeable change in all literary genres: Popular welcome, in particular in Iran, to his literary works contributed to the production of various kinds of translations in the world all over, obviously, these translations seem to have brought about striking changes in our contemporaneous literature. This with the common shares of translators in this article, which interact each other, will be considered in details.

Johann Gottfried Herder is still unknown not only in Iran but also in Germany even though several of studies have been carried out on his written works, as well as the establishment of the "Herder Foundation" in Germany.In my view he is still an on unknown philosopher.This may be due to his isolated existence and the large variety of his works which consist of: Theology, a History of Religion, Philosophy, Poety, Art, Literary Criticism, Sociology, Linguistics, Natural Science and even Politics.But what causes difficulty in under standing him is the lack of harmony and integrity in his works.This paper is an attempt to show the relation between language and poetry.

As their names show, nominative and objective adjectives represent the characteristics of the nouns they modify in both languages. Along with expressing the characteristics of the nouns they modify, these two adjective types indicate the action inherent in the verbs from which they are derived. In Persian, nominative and objective adjectives can be derived from all verbs, in Russian, however, objective adjectives can only be derived from transitive verbs. While in Persian only objective adjective contain the concept of time, in Russian nominative as well as objective adjectives represent the concept of time both in form and in meaning.

This study examines the use of textual metadiscourse in ELT research articles written by Persian and Anglo-American academic writers. To this end, the introduction sections of 73 English academic research articles were selected. The functional- contextual analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between Iranian and Anglo-American academic writers in their use of iIIocution markers, but no meaningful differences were noticed in their use of text connectives and code glosses. Moreover, both groups of writers used theses markers in the same hierarchical order, i.e. they tend to use more text connectives than code glosses than illocution markers. The results of this study can be helpful in writing instruction, writing skills and translation.

Impersonal sentences in the Russian language is a complicated and controversial linguistic issue. Linguists have paid ample attention to this syntactic phenomenon. Impersonal sentences are those sentences which do not have any subject element. This kind of structure has been developed as a grammatical form to cater for certain human communication needs. This type of structure in which a person's physical condition or natural environmental situations are described can be regarded as one of the oldest grammatical forms in Russian. These sentences are becoming more frequent and a number of studies show that these structures depending on their form and meaning can assume a wide range of varieties.

The usage and influence of foreign languages especially the international language English is very common as language of different countries. This usage and influence shows itself in several medias, especially Radio, Television, Newspapers and also in common language of city people and villagers. Probablythis usage is becausethe media masterswant to make their scripts more attractive and take it to a higher level so that they seen more attractive to the listeners and viewers. But all these would cause different issues in the language and literature of a country. Though in some cases - (of we which talk about later) - this would enrich the language, but generally it would also lead to problems such as making the language harder to understand by common people.Because of this, we decided to consider the usage, and its influences on in media especially newspapers, in details, and other media types in short tables. In this article we do not wish to criticize anybody; we just want to express a point of view to create a new change and suitable field for constructive criticism of these foreign words and informing the people to prevent unlimited entrance of these words in Urdu language.

In Russian linguistic, the merging property of words is one of the topics considered when studying the way words are put together. This property can be observed at two levels: syntax and semantics. The Russian linguists study the merging property of words in subordinate phrases and based on this, consider one word in each subordinate phrase as the head and the other one as the complement. There is a semantic relationship between the heads and the complements in each subordinate phrase, which is known as syntactic relationship. The Russian linguists consider this relationship among words in each phrase as the general meaning of the phrase and on the basis of this divide them into different categories. This article studies the nature and function of the merging property of words in Russian phrases.

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the quality of Russian translation of the Holy Quran. To achieve this, some recent translations of the Holy Quran such as the one carried out by Krachkofcky, Osmanof, and Porokhova, were qualitatively analysed. Having referred to some available Russian, Persian, and Arabic sources, this study found that the Russian translations of the Holy Quran would have been impossible without the help of some Russian specialists in the fields of philosophy and history of Islam, and researchers of the dialogue between Muslim and Russian cultures. This study also showed that some scholars who investigated the previous versions of Russian translations of the Holy Quran in terms of their distinctive features and those theorists and practitioners of translation from oriental languages and from Russian have enormously contributed to the recent translation of the holy Quran.

The present study was carried out to determine the status of ESP programs at the BA level. The participants in the study included students from such fields of study as Engineering, Medicine, Social Sciences and the Humanities. The results, obtained from the students themselves through a questionnaire, indicate that ESP programs are not as successful as they shouId because (1) the time length considered for such programs is short and (2) the content and the exercises in the books thereof bear little relevanc to the student's needs. The study tables make some suggestions for improvement as well. Besides, the project reveals that the students in fields of study other than English are most likely to enjoy an intermediate level of language proficiency. To shed more light on the issue of proficiency, the linguistic competence of engineering, medical and English students was compared. While there was no significant difference in performance on the TOEFL test between the engineering and medical students, the English students outperformed the students in the other two fields. However, the linguistic competence of English students was well below the expected level. To make matters worse, their listening ability was found to be badly handicapped; in fact, no significant difference was found between the listening performance of English students and that of students of the other two fields already mentioned.