PAZHUHESH-E ZABANHA-YE KHAREJI
Year:2005 | Volume:- | Issue:24|Papers Count:12

Tribes and people living for centuries in a region have always been witnesses of easy and difficult, pleasant and ugly events. They have experienced victories and defeats, heroism and conquest, expulsion of aggressors or acceptance of them. Our ancestors passed away and left many epic memories for us. These memories reinforce the fundaments of each nation and form all the myths, tales, fables and fictions. These tales demonstrate the glory and the splendor of a people and their devotion and dedication; and so they have become great masterpieces. The subject of this article bears on the eternity of epic heroes, invincibles and immortals of history. These heroes are driven from myths into history or from history to myths. Epics and epopees which someday belonged to different nations and people today are all members of a universal narrative literature family.

The significant features of the stories written by Anton Chekhov, the innovative writer of Russian Literature, who violated old traditions and approached simple and short wirtings, which he asserts have become his style and which he concedes as representative of talent, can be listed as brevity, eloquence, and meaningful vocabulary. In the present article, there is first a discussion of the quality of Chekhov's literary activity and his early works for which he used a nickname. Secondly the contextual features of his works, the way he employed words and phrases with various connotations, will be discussed. Finally a survey will be made of the structures of his early stories "The Death of the Clerk", "The Fat and The Thin", and "The Chemilion." Among structural features of Chekhov's stories mention can be made of heroes who are behind scenes while having a constructive role in the development of the work. Chekhov in the above mentioned works usually refrains from giving a physical description of his heroes, and directly moves towards an evaluation of their characteristics. Moreover, his stories are written in the form of dialogues, which is peculiar to plays.

Myth, according to the phenomenological standpoint, is a ritual-religious belief. It is a narrative of gods and god-like beings with supernatural powers which is accepted as a fact by many. At a close look on various religious texts we come across myths whose heroes are either prophets as Noah and Solomon, or god-like sovereigns as Yam (Jarm/Jamshid) in Avestan texts which is apparently also the theme of this article. The present article in order of hierarchy, examines Jam's features and functions through the oldest Indo-Iranian texts (Vedas & Gahan); various parts of the book of Avesta, Pahlavi texts and finally early Islamic reports. The purpose of this survey is to reveal the traces of the motifs of this old myth left from the old texts into the early Islamic statements and inscriptions in order to show how they are modified and justified through the ages.

In the year 1975, and the later years, Roland Barthes publicly declared the influence of André Gide on his works which made his readers' speculative about this announcement. This announcement in later years became more pronounced, especially in his interviews. However what remained concealed from readers was the deep influence of Andre Gide on the primary works of Barthes, especially his first work. Barthes, acknowledged that Gide had a great influence on his youth, and especially on the readings of those years which corresponded to the years of the second world war when French soil was occupied by the Germans, and a time when Roland Barthes was going through treatment at a sanatorium. It was here that Roland Barthes wrote his first series of essays under the influence of Gide and published these works in imitation of Gide. This paper focuses on the impact of Gide upon the authorship of several literary works of Barthes. In conclusion to his works, and as his last few words, Barthes once again acknowledged Gide's deep influence which has been discussed and evaluated.

Eliot's poems manifest clever manipulation of a wide range of metric and rhyme patterns. Free verse does not mean freedom; on the contrary, it obliges poets to exercise full mastery over their materials and show orderliness through a fundamental discipline that may even incorporate apparent disorderliness. In Eliot's view, as far as form is concerned, what really matters in a poem is its total harmony and effect, which does not necessarily entail semantic totality and closure. For any poet who is conscious of the necessity of a logical relationship between form and content, free verse "does not exist", because "there is only good verse, bad verse, and chaos". In his highly fragmentary poems, some passages are perfectly rhymed, some are prose-like, some are metrical, and some are conversational, but despite this apparent chaos, they all show a clear correlation with the overall thematic development.

Shakespeare differs from other playwrights in several ways but more conspicuously in the creation of characters and situations. More than any other writer of comedy it is Shakespeare who developed the myth of Romantic marriage. However, what makes him so unique is that in the very act of reprobation or derision he enters the minds and hearts of his characters. Shakespeare never writes a comedy within the commonly accepted sense of the term, the secret of Shakespeare's art lies in the quality of his imaginative reaction to life. This paper attempts to discuss Shakespeare's comic art as different from that of his predecessors, especially classical writers of comedy. The selected play for discussion is As You Like It with its various features of idyllic setting, the pastoral, romance and disguise.

Different methods of teaching foreign languages have been innovated to promote the quantity and quality of the four classic skills of language learning. The technological developments in different media and scientific modifications in the fields of learning have a direct influence in theoretical and practical fields of teaching languages. The current methods of teaching languages individually or collectively have been studied in the physical platform more frequently. The present study deals with the capabilities of transferring method, which is really a combination and more important a German method. This paper wishes to explore the possibility of using it in electronic platform due to content presentation, evaluation of transferring technique and surveying the role of language learner in comparison with physical platform.

Pronoun is a part of speech for which Russian linguists and grammarians propose various interpretations with respect to its nature and place in the system of parts of speech. Most Russian linguists, emphasizing the "deictic" function of Pronoun as one of its main grammatical features, refrain from considering it as one part of speech and assign it to various parts of speech. In this paper, through an investigation of the morphological and syntactic features of pronouns and contrasting such features with the criteria by which other independent parts of speech are determined, an attempt is made to characterize Pronoun as an independent part of speech parallel to the other parts of speech.

Test Anxiety is one of the personal characteristics which is specifically true about university students. Anxiety is sometimes taken as synonymous with stress. Madson (1982) states that test anxiety is worry or fear caused by having to take tests. Most students feel anxious in testing situations. For some students, however, the feeling is so intense that it negatively affects their academic success. It should be noted that a little nervousness can actually help motivate some people. Sarason et al (1960) believe that test anxiety affects the test performance of testees at all academic. Most students resort to using test-taking strategies to reduce the negative effects of test anxiety. Rezaei (2002) asserts that one of the reasons students tend to use test-taking strategies in doing language achievement tests can be anxiety and the students' fear to obtain low scores. The present article tends to discuss test anxiety analytically and to introduce some of the strategies to cope with it.

In both Persian and Russian, noun can play a very major role in the syntactic construction of a sentence. The function of noun in a sentence depends upon the effect of words. Persian linguists, taking into consideration the importance of nouns have allotted different roles and functions to it. Generally these roles from the view point of definition fit within a framework. Normally, for the function of nouns the same types of nouns are used, this refrains the reader from getting confused over the understanding of its different roles. Persian linguists differ in their views about the various functions of nouns. Five scholars consider four functions of noun within a sentence: nominative, accusative, genitive, and vocative. Dr. Khampur believes that nouns can have up to thirteen functions. Other scholars consider either more functions or less.

Regarding the role of metacognition as a promoting factor in language learning and the importance attached to learner autonomy in the literature, this study sought to examine the reliability and validity of self-assessment as an instrument that can make a great contribution to these areas as well as the area of assessment itself. To carry out the study, two intact groups were selected. The first group included 91 applicants for TOEFL classes participating in a TOEFL placement test. The second group involved 43 students of the English Language and Literature at Tehran University. Both groups were asked to self-assess themselves in regard to listening, grammar and reading comprehension. The self-assessment phase was followed by an actual TOEFL test given to both groups for the purposes of this study. The analysis of the data so gathered revealed that self-assessment has acceptable indices of reliability and validity and that such factors as language proficiency and gender had almost no perceivable effect on the reliability and validity of self-assessment. However, knowledge of the test to be used to compare the go-togetherness of the results of self-assessment and those of an actual test resulted in a considerable difference in the degree of validity.