PAZHUHESH-E ZABANHA-YE KHAREJI
Year:2009 | Volume:- | Issue:51|Papers Count:10

Twentieth century French Theatre has strongly been affected by World Wars I and II, obviously resulting in a change of existing dramatic principles. Samuel Beckett well known innovator in the field of the Avant-garde, probed the theatre with a naked form and far from conventional regulations and dramatic arrangements. Beckett's Theatre is known as the beginning of the new method in writing style, personification and final outcome in dramatic art. Beckett's Theatre belongs to the group of philosophical theatre that shows the calamity and misfortune of man who exists in a world devoid of meaning in which ancient values and meaningful relations have disappeared. Surely Beckett - who is one of the messengers of decadence in our age- in addition to exposing lack of humanity in human relations, by a specific shrewdness searches in human society for a meaningful foundation. Beckett tries to show the problems of contemporary man, an individual who tries to search for his place and to adapt himself to conditions. This research is an opportunity to familiarize us further with Beckett's world which is full of ambiguities and shocking matters.

"In Search of Lost Time", a semi-autobiographical novel in seven volumes, written by Marcel Proust between the years 1913and 1927, is not only the story of a particular era but of a new style of discourse analysis pertaining to social issues. In this prominent work, Proust has deeply analyzed love and has explained its different aspects. Positive dimensions of illusionary, deep and absolute love are not the only aspects treated in "In Search"; we can also see the absurd and illogic facets of love which leads to obsession, jealousy and illness. Proust shows us explicitly that men are not completely responsible for tyrannical aspects of love which they face but that destiny too has an important role in its creation. Different facets of love revealed by Proust put into evidence the immensely egoistic and narcissistic aspect of the lover.

The advent of computer has revolutionized a variety of fields including education thus paving the way for educational science to enter a new stage. This effect has exhibited itself well in language learning. The development of computer technology and the resulting language learning software, as a reliable tool in the educational system of developed countries, has attracted the attention of both learners and producers, simultaneously questioning the basis on which the software is to be produced. This article, attempts to consider the development of language learning software by representing two specialized criteria a) educational aspects (objectives, open/closed educational system, teaching! learning method and learning curve), b) utilized computer techniques (linear/ramiform structure, flexibility and controllability of software) and being user friendly. Considering configuration, content, and techniques used in language learning software makes the assessment of available software possible and thus provides the efficient learning software to be produced according to the internal users' requirements.

Educational methods have always been one of the most important subjects for human societies. Among Iranian scientific and literary figures there are some, who have been closely involved with the process and the goal of educational ideas. Thus, it is necessary that their ideas be taken into account by methodologists for educational and training systems. We will take a look at the opinions of Farabi, Ibn Sina, Ibn Miskawaih, Saadi. This research aims to study ethics, education and training in the works of Iranian scientific and literary figures in relation to the efforts of Russian scientists. There are firstly some explanations on analysis of educational ideas related to ideas of Russian literary figures and orientalists in order to improve educational methods, content and form, then the opinions of the master of Speech, Saadi, has been studied. Focusing on the role of educational opinions of Iranian literary figures and applying a comprehensive research of ideas by Russian orientalists and literary figures, this research attempts to analyze the educational and cultural origin and principles effective on literature, and finally concludes that it has played a crucial role in recognizing the power of rich Iranian culture and literature on other societies.

The short story as a literary genre has always been of prime concern. Studies carried out in this field as far as its literary development is concerned, directly reflects the significance of this genre, and conspicuously distinguishes it from others. French literature normally abandons literary boundaries thereby blurring the identity of genres. This style is most peculiar of Jean Marie Gustave Le Clezio, a writer who does not consider himself as belonging to any nation or culture. He uses world literature as a valuable material and source for his writings. By using myth and fantasy in his short stories he gives it a new dimension. The present article aims to explore questions pertaining to the dimension and component of his work. A deep interpretation of this world literature in the narrative, Mondo and other Stories with a comparative outlook, is the most important aim of this article.

Among different concepts represented in literature, there is no doubt that the concept of "love" is one of the most attractive and at the same time a challenging subject expressed in various forms. In" Swan love" Marcel Proust analyses "love" and its effects on the human psyche. According to his opinion, love entangles human beings and cannot create a spiritual relation among them. In this idea then, the theme of love is only suffering in isolation, a lonely relation that is futile and based on "lie". By representing a new image of the concept of love, Proust believes that it is a trivial misunderstanding which begins with doubts, restlessness and instability and terminates with the feeling of tiredness and annoyance. This article studies the linguistic structure of Proust's masterpiece and analysis his view about "love".

This paper intends to analyze the attitudes of translation criticism researchers in order to present a theoretical map for translation criticism studies, extract the investigators' learning resources, infer translation criticism criteria, and determine the kind, quality, and degree of interrelationship between translation criticism variables. The linguists, translatologists, and translators' views have been investigated from descriptive, comparative, and critical points of view. The results of the study reveal that 62.7% of the total 43 researchers, in this survey, believe that the process of translation itself is the major teaching-learning resource and there is a meaningful and positive relationship between the theoretical approaches to translation criticism and the principles of language testing. Moreover, 39.5% of researchers have approached text analysis from different perspectives expressing the positive interaction between the textual and social variables. Also, 69.7% of the investigators maintain that there is a positive interaction between the criteria for translation criticism and linguistic, literary, cultural outlooks. All of the researchers in the survey hold that translation criticism is basically a research oriented phenomenon. Therefore, this positive, interactive, and cause and effect relationship should not be taken for granted in the process of material development, translation education and evaluation. Since, in relevant areas such as linguistics, semiotics, socio-cultural studies, and language education a large number of scientific investigations have been carried out, their foundations can be analyzed, classified, and finally applied creatively and innovatively in order to establish a well organized, scientific, and educational system for translation.

Choosing a Peer (spiritual guide) for traveling through the path of knowledge and getting access to the divine secrets is one of the fundamental issues for the mystics and Sufis. In Sufis' opinion, traveling through the ups and downs of the path of life without a Peer (spiritual guide) who himself has reached the ultimate step in the path, is an impossible task. This paper, attempts to study the role of Peer in the view of the Sufis, Hafez Shirazi and Gomilov- the Russian poet affected by eastern Sufism, as well as to investigate the reasons for Hafez Shirazi's influence on him. Although he has not introduced any particular Peer in his poems, Shams Aldin Hafez Shirazi still believes that for solving the secrets of creation and cleansing the self, and also for attaining knowledge of God, the most elevated, following a Peer is a necessity. To create his versified play "God's Child" Gomilov has resorted to eastern motifs, and under the influence of teachings of Islamic Sufism as well as Hafez's ideas, he has elaborated on the issue of Peer and its importance in achieving completion. A close study of "God's Child" shows that Gomilove's ideas are very similar to ideas of Hafez and Sufism. Gomilov's Peer, is the owner of "wisdom" and knower of "the secrets of the seven-Heavens and the four elements", sent by God to guide the followers.