PAZHUHESH-E ZABANHA-YE KHAREJI
Year:2004 | Volume:- | Issue:17|Papers Count:13

In William Jensen’s Gradiva, an archeologist, Norbert Hanold, makes a statue modeled on an ancient relief. The statue which Hanold names Gradiva shows a woman in a walking stance. He develops a fondness for the statue and begins to search for a woman who can walk like Gradiva. Eventually he finds Zoe. Through her love and kindness towards Hanold, he recovers from his illness. In Sadegh Hedayat’s The Doll Behind The Curtain, Mehrdad sees a big statue in a shop-window in Paris. He is so fascinated by it that he buys the doll and brings it to Iran. Derakhshandeh, Mehrdads fiancee, understands his secret with the doll behind the curtain. Derakhshandeh also endeavours to cure Mehrdads illness through her genuine kindness, but eventually she herself becomes the victim of her own love. The paper discusses the profound similarities in the manners and feelings of the two characters.

Comparative Literature is an ever-changing science and has undergone different definitions and tendencies during its life in Europe and America (including USA). The European-centralism dealt with by some Comparatists in contrast to another group that had provoked some confusions and dispersions, assumed a new dimension by the end of twentieth century and as a consequence brought about a good background for a change in comparative studies and some new concepts. The present paper discusses this process from the beginning until today and also the definition of comparative literature through different periods of time.

From the point of view of a novice writer and ordinary reader, perhaps to write a novel is a simple job and it may be presumed that by putting one or several characters together inside of a unique action, one can write a novel. But in reality to write an oeuvre in this genre - like all the other literary genres - beyond talent, virtuosity, motivation, awareness, cleverness, artistic ability and other qualifications for writing, needs some strategies which can only be acquired by reading a considerable number of novels, analyzing them and reaching the elements that make the structure of a novel. In this paper, regarding the main theories in novel writing, some strategies have been extracted.

There are three types of narrator in novels: 1. Auctorial type 2. First person type 3. The personal type. In novels with scenic narrative, three items are important:1. Reality and neutrality in the novel, 2. Innovation in the technique of the narrative and 3. A new subject in the epic poetry. Here the author does not have an omniscient role, instead he hides behind the novel figures. Therefore the reader feels that there is no narrator in the novel. Flaubert was the first writer to use realism in the novels, allowing the characters to decide what to do.

The Increase of studies in the field of Translation and formation of new trends, together with the publication of scientific references in different languages and increase of communication, parallels unfortunately with the low number of translators and consequently low rate of quantities and qualifying references. This has urged the educational centers to solve their problem by editing the educational Structure of learning Translation and Translator training courses. One of the expectations of modern educational plans is achieving the highest rate of knowledge and variety of theoretical and practical capabilities in the least shortest time. Furthermore the educational curriculums in Iran must have two important aspects, "teaching a Language" and "teaching Translation". In this article, the forming of these dimensions is discussed by explaining the principles and specifications of modern plan of Translation of German Language.

On of the most complicated difficulties of Russian language is that of negative statements. Construction of such sentences concerning their various meaning is not only difficult for non-slav speakers but also for slav speakers who are non- Russians. Often concerning the position of the negative particles the students are confused sometimes they translate various Russian sentences into one single Persian and perceive the constructed sentence equal to those different Russian sentences. In some occasions, when a sentence has a negative structure, either in spoken language or in written forms, genitive case is used invariably instead of an accusative case in order to express a direct object. This paper intends to survey the construction and senses of negative statements in Russian language and their Persian equivalents by comparing the varieties of negative sentences.

This study examined the performances of 2059 Ph.D. applicants on a proficiency test to find the more related variables to TOEFL and FCE reading comprehension tests. The results showed that TOEFL reading comprehension tests are the most related variables to FCE reading comprehension tests. The results also revealed that the most related variable to TOEFL reading comprehension tests is Written Expression items in which the wrong alternative is selected. Since the Written Expression section aims to test writing ability of participants, the results of this study implies a kind of relationship between reading and writing skills. This study showed that there is a significant difference between the performances of participants on various sections of the test battery. There was also a significant difference between the performances of participants with various academic disciplines.

This article undertakes to explain the distinctions between adjectives in Russian and Persian. Russian adjectives are different from Persian ones because of having the following features: gender, number, case and conjugational suffixes. The syntactic and conjugational features of adjectives in the two languages will be presented first. Then, the way adjectives are differentiated from other parts of speech in Russian will be discussed. Later on, the ideas of different linguists about adjectives and the different classifications of adjective will be elaborated. Moreover, the features of adjectives in Russian will be contrasted with those in Persian. In Persian, sometimes the syntactic function of a word can distinguish an adjective from an adverb. At the end, the results of the research will be presented and discussed.

The Russian linguists began to deal with the nature of grammatical meaning in the area of morphology and they are now trying to differentiate this grammatical meaning from other meanings, in particular from lexical meaning by finding and introducing a series of features. A number of Russian Linguistics consider grammatical meaning as a two-facial element (a hybrid element) that consists of two features, form and meaning. What constitutes the form of a grammatical meaning are paradigmatic grammatical instrument and syntagmatic grammatical instrument. These linguists also introduce the notions of abstractness and generalize ability as the most important feature of a grammatical meaning in their definition of "grammatical meaning". However, Linguistic investigation authenticates the fact that the true feature in determining the nature of a grammatical meaning is the obligatory concept of it.

The pronominal reference in Persian is accomplished in several different ways: through personal verb endings, through separable pronominal forms, and through enclitic pronominal forms. It is useful to consider pronominal forms formally as consisting of two types: separable and affixed. In this paper, three suffixed pronominal forms are surveyed: verbal suffixes, nonverbal suffixes, and verbal & nonverbal suffixes. The first paradigm includes nonverbal suffixes not principally connected to the verbal stem. The second paradigm includes verbal suffixes connected only to the verbal stem. The third paradigm includes verbal & nonverbal suffixes that may be, or may not be, connected to the verbal stem. In the present study, the appearance of these paradigms are examined, in distributive form, in the standard and colloquial language of Persian. Lastly, there are no suffixed pronominal forms in German.

One of the prominent specifications of the Russian language, is the existence of verbs with prefixes, with the aid of these prefixes, numerous meanings, which are often problematic for the Iranian language learners, are expressed, since the Persian verbal prefixes express fewer meanings compared with those of the Russian language. While translating from Russian to Persian lots of problems occur and mostly these prefixes are translated verbatim. In some cases, it is even necessary to interpret the meanings of these prefixes, or to use other" explanatory- complementary" words, including: adverbs, prepositions, verbs etc. In Russian, various meanings of every linguistic item, is a determined clue to the structure of the sentence through the exact description of the context, the meanings can be achieved. Based on the structure of the sentence some meanings can only be inferred from the "whole" sentence. Familiarity with the methods of expressing the meanings of Russian prefixes, makes it possible for the language learners to establish accurate understanding of verbs with prefixes.

The paper aims to compare and contrast lexical and syntactic structures in Russian and Persian. While it preserves much of its ancient synthetic-inflexional structure and a Common Slavonic word base, modern Russian shares a large stock of the international vocabulary for politics, science, and technology. Verbal inflection today is considerably simpler than in Old Russian. Russian language has on hand a set of prefixes, prepositional and adverbial in nature, as well as diminutive, augmentative, and frequentative suffixes and infixes. All of these can be stacked one upon the other, to produce multiple derivatives of a given word. Participles and other inflexional forms may also have a special connotation. While analyzing the lexical and syntactic structures of the two languages, we have come to the conclusion that the basic word order, both in Russian and Persian, is subject-verb- object. But in Russian because the relations are marked by declension, a certain latitude is allowed, and all the permutations can be used. In this paper, we have shown that, a proper focus on contrast or difference makes it easier for Iranian students to learn and study.