Year:2003 | Volume:9 | Issue:2|Papers Count:12

In our country the producers of protected crops in glass- house, plastic tunnels etc, specially for cucumber and tomato culture, use too much chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The pesticides are used on weekly basis (one or two times per week) for the control of pests and diseases. The crops produced in this way, have so much pesticide residues and excess of nitrites. -To resolve the problem of residues we started a project in 1988,with the aim of implementing of an IPM on ecological basis of organic crop production by the following programme: The management of organic production of protected cucumber and tomato consisted on the manner of biological strengthening of greenhouse environment (Soil and plant), prevention) measures and reasonably control of target pests and diseases, by cutting use of chemical pesticides.-By intercropping of cucumber and tomato, with the aim of increasing biodiversity, the pests, such as: Aphids, Trips, leaf miner, whitefly, preferred cucumber than tomato in early stage of crop g.-owing. To fertility the soil fauna and micro flora we added biofertilizers (green manure, manure and compost.) for the purpose of increasing soil fertility, yield increase and induce of plant resistance, we also added, some chemical fertilizers.- Planting the seeds in nursery pots, for uniform transplantation, with the use three-four week transplants in greenhouse, that are free of diseases and pests. The transplant were more advantageous than direct seeding for: plant growth, yield increase and plant resistance to pests. pruning and training of plants in optimum spaces ,between plants, in rows were also effective in management of greenhouse-culture. -In Preventive measures adequate irrigation, control of temperature (22 ± 4c°), relative humidity (60-70%), Light (14-16 hours period), and supplementation of co2 in greenhouse is also very important for increasing resistance of plants to pests and yeild increase. -In biological programme of IPM mass rearing and innundative release of predators: Orius albidipennis and Aphidolete aphidimyza are effective in resonably control of Aphids, Trips, and the use of hiomaterials, such as savona Bacillus etc., to keep the pests and diseases bellow economic threshold level. -Using yellow sticky traps, for trapping sucking pests, from transplantation period, for prevention of pests outbreak. -Release of parasitoid wasps: Diglyphus isaea for control of leafminer, and Eretmocerus mundus for whitefly control. And at the same time, use of antagonists, for control of mildews, such as Bacillus subtilis, milk, copost tea and Bacillus thurengiensis (Bactospein) for control Trichoplusia ni, were also effective. -During 10 cultivation period: from 1998-2001, it became clear, that for proper implementation of good IPM programme, the off season cultivation (fall and winter) should be recomended for good production and marketing.

During deep fat frying the quality of the oil and the finished product decreases as the result of heating. In order to improve the quality of used oils, research concerned with regeneration of used frying oils was carried out employing acid activated earth, laboratory synthesized activated earth and activated carbon referred to as methods A, B, C and D. Free fatty acid content, peroxide value, polar compounds, fatty acid composition, iodine value, induction period, color and viscosity of the used oils before and after regeneration were evaluated. The results of different methods were compared. It has been concluded that method C (laboratory synthesized activated earth in combination with activated carbon) was quite efficient to remove free fatty acids and polar compounds to the extent of 59% and 21%, respectively. While other undesirable compounds namely peroxides and color were reduced considerably. During the course of regeneration trans fatty acids produced as the result of deep frying procedure have been reduced approximately to the extent of 6%.

Field application of sewage sludge is 'potentially beneficial as an inexpensive plant nutrient source. However, Problems with application of sewage sludge may exist due to high concentrations of heavy metals. Accumulation of heavy metals, especially Cadmium in soil and plant uptake are important issues to be considered. The objectives of this study was to investigate the effect of sewage sludge and Cadmium application on Cadmium concentrations in cress (Lepidum sutivum L), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleraceac L.). Concentrations of Cd equal to 0, 42.5, 85 mg/kg were added to top soil and sewage sludge was treated too (50 ton/ha). Fifty days after planting, plants were harvested and Cd concentrations in shoots and roots were measured separately. The result showed that in both sludge treated and untreated soils, application of 85 mg Cd/kg increased Cd concentrations in shoots and roots significantly. The Cd concentrations in shoots and roots of each plant were similar. Also, no significant differences were observed in Cd concentrations in shoots among the treated plants. Hut the Cd concentration in the roots of cress was significantly higher than lettuce and spinach. Concentrations of Cd in plants, was significantly higher in sewage sludge amended soils compared to Cd treated cases.

In this investigation we induce mechanical force to a liquid, by magnetic field. The method that we used is similar to linear induction motor (LIM). The main goal of the present investigation is inducing mechanical force for each element of liquid by induced electrical current to each element of liquid and interaction between induced electric current and external magnetic field. For achieving our purpose we used several chemical liquid (including some acids, bases, agricultural pesticides and chemical fertilizer) against of rotating magnetic field. Result of experimental show that inducing mechanical force to each element of liquid is impossible and the magnitude of induction force related to electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability of liquid. That induced force can be used as a magnetic pump, which pumped liquids with no moving parts. This is very useful for solving the problem of corrosion, because there isn't any direct contacting with liquid and pump.

Different concentrations of CaCl2:NaCl ( i. E. 0, 75, 150 and 225 m M. L1) , Were added to 11.>50Hoagland solution and were used as treatment solutions for evaluating germination parameters of 14 selected wheat (T. aestivum) cultivars and one tritcale (XTriticale spp.).. In a CRD design, 20 seeds of each genotype were disinfected and Placed in a 9cm petridish containing 5ml of each treatment solution. The dishes were covered with transparent film and incubated in a germinator (20,C ± 50% R.H). After 24 hours the number of roots and coleoptiles (with 5mm length) were recorded every 8 hours. Finally, germination parameters such as final germination percentage (%Ge),and germination speeds (T50 ) were calculated. Furthermore for greenhouse experiment 300 mM. L1 treatment added to germination treatments and used for irrigation of seedling growth stage .After 10,20,30,40,and 50 days the plants sampled oven dried and weighted and Total Dry Matter(TDM)determined. Finally leaf area(LA) and free proline(Pr) were measured. The T50 of Roushan WBC ,Sorkhtokhm, Mahooti and Boolani genotypes were less and triticale and Karashia were more than others respectively. Generally, with increasing concentration in solution, the %Ge decreased and T50 increased and the starting time of germination delayed. Also with increasing concentration in solution, the TDM and LA decreased and Pr increased.

In order to investigate yield of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) in intercropping with cultivars of wheat, an experiment was conducted for two growing seasons in Borzolabad dryland research station. Experimental desing was a split plot in a form of randomized complete block desgin with three replications. Treatments were: irrigation regimes (non irrigation, irrigation in at the time of sowing and irrigation at the time of anthesis), wheat caltivares (Sardari, Malaghani, and 1:1 weight -based mixture of two), and different seed ratio of wheat and hairy vetch (pure stand of wheat cultivars and hairy vetch, %75 wheat: %25 hairy vetch , 0/066.7wheat: %33.3 hairy vetch and %50 wheat: %50 hairy vetch). Results showed that supplementary irrigation at the time of anthesis of wheat increased yield of hairy vetch. Yield of hairy vetch in mixture decreased due to competition with wheat. Yield of hairy vetch in pure stand was hieghest and lowest in %75, %25 seed ratio. In two years of experiment cultivars of wheat showed not significant effect on yield of hairy vetch. Supplementary irrigation and seed ratios had no significant interaction effect on hairy vetch yield.

To know about diffusion and moisture surface emission coefficients of timber is a proper criterion for simulation and estimation of the required time for timber drying. There are various factors such as moisture percentage, timber temperature, adjacent air speed and surface conditions which may influence one or both coefficients. In the present survery, according to drying curves of 2.5 and 3.2 cm thick Querus castanefolia lumbers, dried in a conventional kiln under T4-D3 schedule, diffusion and surface emission coefficients were calculated. In the range of 10-40 percent moisture content, it was indicated that the results of using two drying curves simultaneously were in agree with the results of using a single drying curve for each thickness. While, in the same moisture content range, the average drying rate of the 2.5 cm lumbers was significantly higher than that of the 3.2 cm samples.

One of the most important strategies in Integrated Pest Management is biological control. The succes in biological control of pests depens on natural enemies species collection, identification, studying their biology, behavior and ecology.  This research was carried out in three locations as include: Ghazvin (Dasht, Alamut and Tarom-Sofla), Abeyek (Hasar-Kborvan, Zargar and Gazame) and Boein-Zahra (Alah-Abad, Hossein-Abad, Esmat-A bad and Fath-Abad) during 1997-1998.The methods consisted of, 1) sampling in cereal fields, 2) collection from hibernation and aestivation sites, 3) Determination of parasitism Percentage, 4) Preparing and identification of collected samples and 5) Distribution areas. Totally eight species (Trissolcug.grandis Thomson, T. semistriatus Nees, T.vassilievi Mayr, T. basalis Wollaston T. rufiventris Mayr, Telenomu sp., T.chloropus Thomson, Ooencyrtus telenomicida Vassiliev) of sunn pest egg parasitoids were collected and identified. The mostabundant species are as follow: Trissolcus grandis, T. vassilievi and T. semistriatus with 45.3% 34.23% and 15.04% respectively.

Food and edible oil supply is one of the serious problems in the recent years in Iran. About 95% of edible oil is imported ,for this reasns culture of oilseed is imprtant . the experiment was conducted in 1999 / 2000 at research farm of faculty of Agriculture in khorramabad with six cultivars in three row spacing 15, 30 and 45cm .The experimental design was split plot with three replication. Results showed that: plants height between different row spacing wa significantly(P<5%) and grian yield between rows was very significantly (P<I%) . Height of cultivars , number of Branch / plant, number of Pod / Plant, number of Seed / Pod and weight of 1000 Seed were significantly different (P<5%) . Grian yield between cultivars showed very significantly different (P<I%) . In this experment rows of 15 cm were better than others. The results have showed that narrow row was better than wide rows and so we can use from grain drill of cereal for cultivating colza (Brassica napus).