Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Year:2008 | Volume:10 | Issue:2|Papers Count:13

Background: The role of noradrenergic system is strongly considered in etiology and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Regarding the role of norepinephrin and serotonin neurotransmitters in activity and attention control processes, this study was performed to compare effectiveness of venlafaxine and methylphenidate in the treatment of ADHD.Materials and Methods: Forty children with ADHD (aged 6-12) were randomly allocated to receive venlafaxine or methylphenidate in a 6-week clinical trial in Emam-Hossein Hospital. There were no significant differences between groups for age, weight, type and severity of the disorder. Based on DSM-IV criteria and ADHD Rating Scale, patients were diagnosed as having combined and inattentive types of ADHD. Treatment outcome was assessed using parent and teacher versions of ADHD Rating Scale in weeks 2, 4 and 6.Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in ADHD Rating Scale scores and clinical improvement in each group and there was significant difference between two groups. The most common adverse effects in venlafaxine group were nausea, sedation, dry mouth and dizziness. Conclusion: Venlafaxine is effective in treatment of children with ADHD and could be used as a safe drug in these children; though further studies with greater sample sizes are needed to confirm these results.

Background: Post-term pregnancy is one of the important problems in obstetrics which increases the rate of cesarean in addition to several complications for mother and fetus. Some reports have shown that these problems less occurred in women who use herbal medicine like sysembrium and they also have more successful vaginal delivery than others. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of sisymbrium consumption on spontaneous labor in nulipars. Materials and Methods: In this double blind controlled clinical trial, 85 pregnant women who referrers to the health care center were enrolled. They were randomly assigned to receive 28 sachets of 5gr sisymbrium (to use from 37th week of pregnancy) or no treatment. The data gathered using a questionnaire which was completed by trained midwives.Results: There was no significant difference between the intervention group and control group in the spontaneous beginning of their pains (p=0.29), but the induction of labor, the doctor's introductionfor induction (p=0.043), cesarean rate (p=0.032) were higher in the non-intervention group. Whereas the Bishop's score (p=0.003), dilatation (p=0.00) and cervix effacement (p=0.008) were higher in intervention group.Conclusion: This study showed that the probable effects of sisymbrium in the parturition process increase the probability of vaginal delivery. Since there is no contraindication for sisymbrium use during pregnancy, it is recommended that the pregnant women consume it in order to facilitate labor.

Background: Since coagulation and flocculation are essential processes for turbidity removal from drinking water, many studies have been conducted on different coagulant. This study was done to compare the efficacy of three coagulants of polyaluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride in turbidity removal from drinking water.Materials and Methods: The present study -a pilot scale experiment- was conducted in the laboratory of water and wastewater chemistry of Zahedan public health school in 2007. Laboratory experiments were performed using distilled water containing synthetic Caoline. Eight turbidity levels (10-80 NTU), five pH levels (5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 and 7.5) and five coagulants doses (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/l) were used for jar test. Rapid mixing for all experiments was 380 rpm for one minute and slow mixing was 30 rpm for 20 minutes. At the end of every experiment, residual turbidity was measured by turbidity meter. Removal efficiency for various conditions was determined by covariance and regression analysis.Results: The results indicated that an increase of aluminum sulfate dose up to 40 mg/l can increase removal efficiency to 99.9%. The highest removal efficiency for ferric chloride occurred at feed dose of 20 mg/l and primary turbidity of 10 NTU, while for PAC the highest removal efficiency (99%) occurred at 40 mg/l. Effect of pH in turbidity removal for all experiments was similar.Conclusion: This study highlighted that the best coagulant for turbidity removal (pH= 5.5-7.5) is Aluminum sulfate, because as the coagulant dose rises up, the removal efficiency increases significantly. Efficiency removal also depends on the initial turbidity.

Background: Success of endodontics treatment depends on removing or reducing microorganisms in root canals. Gutta-percha cones are now widely used to fill root canals. Because of gutta-percha cones are deformed by heat sterilization methods (hot oven or autoclave), rapid chemical decontamination is desired. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Deconex53plus for rapid decontamination of gutta-percha cones. Materials and Methods: A total number of 480 gutta-percha cones were contaminated with standard pure culture of three species of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC: 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC: 25922 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC: 6633). The cones were treated for 30 and 60 seconds with Deconex53plus at concentration of 5% and IO%. Then each cone was transferred to a tube containing sterile normal saline and mixed for 30 seconds with vortex shaker. This saline was diluted to 0.0I %. Bacterial counting was carried out by drop counting method After incubation, colony forming unit per millimeter was calculated for each plate.Results: Two concentrations of 5% and IO% Deconex53plus destroyed vegetative cells and bacterial spores in 30 seconds. According to statistical analysis all solutions were efficient for cold sterilization of gutta-percha cones at short time period. Conclusion: Deconex53plus is a potent antiseptic agent because all contaminated gutta-percha cones were decontaminated in 30 seconds. Because of irritative effects and crystallization of sodium hypochlorite, Deconex53plus should be used for rapid decontamination of gutta-percha cones.

Background: Fumes generating during soldering process are a group of metal vapors and gases such as tin, lead and formaldehyde which are one of the main reasons for lung diseases in solders. Respiratory epithelium in trachea is the first biological barrier which responds to these fumes. The aim of this study was to identify the quantitative effects of these fumes in respiratory epithelium of rats.Materials and Methods: A total number of 48 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into experimental (n=30) and control (n=18) groups. Each group was subdivided into 2, 4 and 6-week subgroups based on the time of tissue sampling. After adaptation to standard situation in animal house, rats in experimental group were exposed to soldering fumes for 1 hour in exposure chamber (0.83m3). Air sampling from the exposure chamber was done daily with two different methods. According to the schedule, tissue specimens were taken from trachea in deep anesthesia. After processing, all samples were sectioned and stained and the thickness of the respiratory epithelium of trachea was measured under light microscopy.Results: There was a significant difference between all of control and experimental subgroups (p<0.000). There was also a significant difference between experimental groups of 6-week subgroup with 2-week subgroup (p<0.001). The amount of the formaldehyde, tin (Sn) and lead (Pb) in gas exposure chamber was 0.193 mg/m3, 0.35 mg/m3 and 3 mg/m3 respectively.Conclusion: It seems that the respiratory epithelium of the trachea responds to the soldering fumes and the changes in epithelial thickness are time dependent.

Background: Over the years there has been a great deal of research conducted on recognition and prediction of the difficult intubation. The goal of this study was to assess the anatomical conditions of airway in patients with difficult intubation after elective surgery.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional prospective study, 51 patients who were undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled. After awareness of patients in recovery room, Mallampati score, thyromental distance, head and neck movements, distance between upper and lower teeth, mandibular translation and backward movements, teeth conditions, difficulty score were evaluated.Results: In this study, %60.8 and %39.2 of patients were male and female respectively. Mean age and weight of patients were 41.86±11.6 Y and 72.52±15.93 kg respectively. The Body Mass Index was more than 25 in %54.9 of patients. The frequency of Mallampati class III and IV were %58.8 and %15.7. Neck extension degree, thyromental distance, distance between upper and lower teeth, and difficult intubation score were 43.23±5 degree, 6.61±1.98, 4.66±0.88 and 5.91±1.44 cm respectively. The frequency of normal upper teeth, normal jaw and normal mandible were %33.3, %62.7 and %82.3.Conclusion: This study showed that mallampati score, mandibular backward and upper teeth protrusion can predict difficult intubation better that other factors.

Background: Growing evidence indicates that pre-inflammatory cytokines and cellular adhesion molecules that increase vascular endothelial activity are more sensitive in anticipating cardiovascular diseases. These novel inflammatory markers may play an important role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in preinflammatory cytokines and markers of vascular inflammation after regular endurance trainingin Wistar rats.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male rats (3 months old) were kept ina controlled condition and were divided into two different control (n=12, weight=211Bgr) and experimental (n=12, weight=208±7gr) groups. The training program was performed 3 times a week for 12 weeks under certain duration and speed. The blood sampling was performed after 14 fasting hours in different stages and with the same conditions. Elisa trade kits were used to measure sICAM-1, TNF-a, and IL-1b. Resulting data were analyzed by dependent and independent t-tests (a =0. 05).Results: A significant increase was observed in IL-1b (p=0.045), TNF-a (p=0.047), and s1CAM-1(p=0.028) levels in control group, while a significant decrease in IL-1b (p=0.002), TNF-a (p=0.016), and sICAM-1 levels was shown in experimental group (p=0.000). Also, a significant difference was observed in comparison between control and experimental groups about IL-1b (p=0.039), TNF-a (p=0.028), and sICAM-1 (p=0.000).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that regular endurance training (V02max55-85%) reduces the amounts of inflammatory markers of cardiovascular diseases including sICAM-1, TNFa, and IL-1b. This training method can play an efficient role in declining the risk of atherosclerosis by lowering markers of vascular inflammation.

Background: The recent studies have shown that periodontal disease as infectious disease can be effective on systemic condition like length of pregnancy and birth weight. In this study we have compared the periodontal status in women that had preterm labor (<37 week) or their Infants weight was less than 2500gr with women who were in term labor and normal birth weight.Materials and Methods: In this case - control study, postpartum women that were taking routine care in Ali Ebne Abitaleb Hospital were examined. There were 55 mothers with preterm labor or low birth weight in investigation group and 55 mothers with term labor and normal birth weight infants in control group. Periodontal parameters including PD, AL, BOP and GR were assessed.Results: The Mean±SD of PD in case group was 2.87-1±0.43 mm and in control group was 2.73-1±0.49 mm. The Mean±SD of AL in case group was 3.56-1±0.47mmand in control group was 3.46-1±0.44 mm. The patients in case group that have 2-4 or 4-6 sites for BOP were more than control group. The patients in control group that have 1-2 sites for BOP were more than case group. Conclusion: Periodontal parameters in the case group were more than control group, but the difference was not statically significant. More prospective studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.

Background: It has been shown that improved glycemic control and lower hemoglobin Al e level in diabetic patients will reduce the frequency of microvascular complications. However there have been many debates on how to improve glycemic control and reduce hemoglobin Al e levels. The aim of this review was to assess available information that supports the use of Self Monitoring Blood Glucose (SMBG) in the care of either type 1 or type 2 diabetic patients.Materials and Methods: This review focuses on interventional and analytical studies that comparedpatients who performed SMBG with patients who did not. The data were derived from 35 interventional and observational studies published between 1983 and 2008, and also a cohort study between 1995 and 2003. All studies were obtained from searches of multiple electronic bibliographic databases supplemented with hand searches of references of retrieved articles. Results: The available scientific literature demonstrates that there is substantial evidence to support the use of SMBG in type 1 diabetes. Most studies do not show a benefit when patients with type2 diabetes perform 5MBG. Some studies demonstrated that SMBG as a part of educational program can be effective on reducing hemoglobin A1c levels. There was a relationship between the number of 5MBGtests per unit time and hemoglobin A1c levels.Conclusion: The role of SMBG in reducing hemoglobin Al e level in type 1diabetes is known, but most of the studies do not support the use of 5MBG in type 2 diabetes currently. More rigorous studies should be carried out.

The cause of leiomyomas is unknown. Several studies have suggested that each leiomyoma arises from a single neoplastic cell within the smooth muscle.Leiomyoma of the fallopian tube is extremely rare. Most cases are asymptomatic and may found incidentally at autopsy or during unrelated surgical operation. These leiomyomas tend to be singular, small, and unilateral, with a resultant rare preoperative diagnosis. They are often managed with laparotomy.We report a case of a fallopian tube leiomyoma in a 27- year- old virgin girl. She had abdominal pain. The mass diagnosed and treated by laparatomy. Microscopic examination revealed that it was a tubal leiomyoma.