JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2015 | Volume:17 | Issue:1 (64)|Papers Count:21

Background: Subsidies for energy and emissions from fossil fuel consumption in large cities, due to dual-fuel policy in the country. Given the widespread use of this policy, economic and environmental impacts need to be studied more in the long run. Methods: After reviewing the literature on the advantages and disadvantages of dual-fuel vehicles, using the methodology of system dynamics that is one of modeling methods for social and dynamic systems, creat a dynamic model about the influence of dual-fuel cars on energy consumption, subsidies for energy and pollution. So by running the model, the long-term effects of the current policy, is examined.Results: Based on the outputs of the simulation model, dual-fueling policy, only reduces the growth rate subsidies and air pollution, and does not solve the problem basically. Conclusion: Considering the costs of dual-fueling policy and not get the desired output, it seems primarily to other strategies, such as creating a basket of fuel or the development of CNG vehicles burning in the matter, and, secondly, in the process of dual-fueling, should be using the supplement policies.

Observation and consideration of wave characteristics in costal zone is one of the most important topics in field of costal engineering. Chabahar area has attracted attentions due to its strategic location in transportation developments of the region with other part of the world, especially Far East. This study looked at the data gathered from buoy during summer, and winter of 1998 to 2000 and registered wind analysis during 1998 until 2003, waves and wind rose of the region. Based on this information, it is shown that this region mostly has instabilities in its surface layers and most of the time, duration-limited wave growth conditions dominated on waves. The similar model of wave, considers the relationship between non-dimensional parameters. The main objective of this research is calculation and estimation of non-dimensional energy, frequency, fetch and duration of wind waves and the relations between these parameters for Chabahar coast.

Background: This research was done on wastewater in Minoo industrial Co. to existing concernsabout the quality and quantity of wastewater industries and its effects on human and environment aswell as existence of different contaminant in this kind of wastewater system and lack of informationabout the parameters status and its influence on wastewater system operation.Materials & Methods: For determination of wastewater quality, we took samples from 18 stations of different wastewater treatment plant and production points during 10 times. The pH, Temperature, Oil& Grease BOD5, COD, TSS about all stations have been determined. The measurement of effluent inentrance point of wastewater treatment plant was done using an installed flow meter. Finally, there lationship between results at different months and stations was done using ANOVA and correlation variance test in SPSS software.Results: According to the results influent discharge varied in range of 100-150 m3/day, pH, TSS, BOD, COD, Oil & Grease at different stations varied in range of 3.95-10.96, 0-1637.7, 1.9-59674, 6-99600, 0 -1008 mg/l respectively. The removal efficiency of COD, BOD, TSS, Oil & Grease in wastewater treatment plant varied in ranges of 94-99.7%, 99-99.8%, 89-98.5%, 92.7-100%, respectively.Conclusion: This study shows that changing of seasons, time, type and amount of waste water production effect on pollution and calculation of the BOD5/COD ratio at influent discharge depicted that by using this type of biological wastewater treatment system is selected properly and can change10-15% used water in factory to the wastewater.

In this research, analyzing the meteorological drought is performed by using of five commonly use-din dices including: Rainfall Standard Index (ZI), Deviation from Mean Index (SDI), Percent of Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI), Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) and Precipitation Classification range (PC) on seasonal and yearly precipitation data in the four synoptic stations of Zahedan, Zabol, Chabahar and Iran shahr, using the same period starting from 1964 and ending to 2005. The result showed that SDI method performs more reliable estimation compared with PNPI, ZI, RAI methods in the annual and seasonal time scales. Based on SDI method, Sistan and Balouchestan Province has experienced frequent meteorological drought in both seasonal and annual time scales. In annual time scale, the frequency (percent) of intense and severe droughts was smaller than frequency of mild and medium droughts. In the seasonal time scale, on average, based on SDI method, most (42%) of severe and intense droughts occurred in summer, but in winter, the risk of severe and intense droughts was smaller (12%), We also used 3-year and 5-year moving averages method for evaluation of trends and drought duration in the annually time scale in the mentioned sites. The results showed that the rain fall standard index (RAI) performs different results from other indices. Other results also indicate that the intensity and frequency of meteorological drought are increasing in this province.

Introduction: Nowadays the destructive effects of oil pollutions that produced by different resources in waters and aquatic organisms have been defined with the intention of studying effects of crude oil in different concentration, on variations of anti-oxidant enzymes level (SOD, CAT) in Tetraclitarufotincta and the possibility of introduce these enzymes as biomarkers.Metod: Barnacles Tetraclita rufotincta were sampled in Bahrekan region. Barnacles exposed to250ppb, 125ppb, 62.5ppb, 31.25ppb, 15.625ppb and 3ppb as a control, crude oil after 24, 48, 72 and 96h.15 barnacles removed from aquarium in average. Animals were examined for levels of Antioxidants enzymes (SOD, CAT) in their tissues.Results: this study detected that in aquarium 1, with 3ppb concentration, after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities shown respectively 128.98, 30.04, 75.8, 62.05 U/ml/mg protein.In aquarium 2 and 3, with 15.625ppb and 31.25ppb concentration, after the period mentioned, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities shown respectively 104.45, 74.95, 13.57, 109U/ml/mg proteinand 69.96, 61.56, 60.5, 86.46 U/ml/mg protein. In aquarium 4 and 5, with 62.5ppb and 125ppbconcentration, after the mentioned period, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities shown respectively 98.79, 193.9, 42.75, 124.77 U/ml/mg protein and 69.22, 40/08, 81.86, 59.95 U/ml/mg protein and inaquarium 6, with 250ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities shown respectively 62.11, 87.1, 20.71, 93.47 U/ml/mg protein.The results also detected that in aquarium 1, with 3ppb concentration, after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 13.29, 15.31, 15.5, 16.25 U/ml/mg protein. In aquarium 2 and 3, with 15.625ppb and 31.25ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 13.03, 16.74, 13.65, 13.61 U/ml/mg protein and 11.46, 16.54, 15.7, 13.58 U/ml/mg protein. In aquarium 4 and 5, with 62.5ppb and 125ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 18.74, 11.86, 11.91, 16.22 U/ml/mg protein and 21.1, 15.8, 15.04, 39.22 U/ml/mg protein and in aquarium 6, with 250ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 15.54, 18.8, 15.81, 15.97 U/ml/mg protein.Conclusion: There was no correlation between Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and different concentrations of crude oil, during the animals exposed to crude oil. It also detected that CAT enzymeis sensitive parameter than SOD and that could be useful biomarker for the evaluation of contaminated aquatic ecosystems in Tetraclita rufotincta barnacles.

Introduction: Rainfall-runoff modeling is one of the keystones of scientific hydrology and environmental management. Therefore the researchers continuously try to find new approaches for improvement of existing models or modeling methodologies.Material and Methods: In this paper, daily stream flow at the outlet of a watershed in south western Iran was simulated using a conceptual continuous rainfall-runoff model. In encountering with the problem of poor quality data, required data such as runoff, rainfall and PET were prepared using a specific approach.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency was 0.80 and the coefficient of determination was 0.82 during calibration and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency was 0.83and the coefficient of determination was 0.83 during validation. Furthermore statistics of observed stream flow were preserved in simulated stream flow. The results showed that this approach is successfully applicable for daily rainfall-runoff modeling when the quality of the input data is not adequate.

Introduction: The citizenry need to do optional and social activities. These activities won't happen unless the demanded public space exists. Function and vitality are indicators of public space' s desirability and efficiency. Planning and designing functional spaces for citizenry leads to fulfill a part ofurban engineers and city managers responsibility creating spaces for citizenry activities. Park is one of the mentioned spaces.Materials& Methods: This analytic and practical article is prepared for determination of effective factors on efficiency of urban park by emphasizing function and vitality. Documentary and bibliotheca method is used to understand theoretical aspects of this observation and research.Catching citizenry points of views about Ellarbaghi park of Urmia city are made by questionnaires and "Factor Analysis" method and finally mixed them with Excel and Spss software. "Kendall's tau_b and Spearman's rho " correlation analysis" is also used and considered with hypothetical targets of research.Results: Function, tranquility, cleanness, perspective, appropriate management and collectivity of park users are effective factors on efficiency of urban park according to users’ points of view feedback from research circumstances. Examining research hypothesis proves increasing citizenry acquiescence from applicability of various activities in the park as well as functionality of park increase urban park vitality.

Guilan Province with its fragile environment, which has various ecosystems such as expanded water resources and coastal regions, there have been harmful and inimical effects because of lacking the suitable status in the field of rubbish management.In this province, because of the presence of several ecosystems, there is the capability of development of human societies which is one of the important reasons of constitution on several centers such as villages. About half of the 2,400,000 people of Guilan are residing at rural regions and this important case shows the attention to the manner of organizing the residues in rural regions. On the basis of the latest presented statistics from the state municipalities and villages governors, the amount of the daily rubbish in the villages of the country is about 11000 tons and the daily rubbish producing per capita for each rural person is announced about 500 grams.This article offers the approaches for decreasing the created problems on rural rubbish in Guilan Province.For this purpose, after performing the studies and with respect to the cases such as the manner of scattering, rehabilitation of rural centers and population, the villages' governors have been established in the cities of Rasht, Anzali, Langroud and Roudbar. First, the quality of the rubbish has been analyzed during three stages and in each stage the samplings were analyzed 10 times. The results show that the most percentage is related to the organic materials with 75.89% and the least is related to the wood with 1.17%.Therefore, the most part of the rural rubbishes of the province constitutes the organic materials which we can be used in organic materials to produce the organic fertilizer by offering the program for recycling the materials and separation of the dry materials from the wet.However, currently, this material (rubbishes) are evacuated into environment and caused the harmful effects on the regional environment.Therefore, after performing the study and necessary assessments, in order to decrease the current problems which are resulted from lack of suitable rubbishes organizing in Guilan rural region, two procedures are presented. Because of the only existing engineering- hygienic burial place for province rubbishes in southern part of the province at Rostamabad, the city of Roudbar, the choice of separation from the original where the rubbishes are produced, separation of the recyclable materials and hygienic burial of rubbishes are purposed.also produced, separation of the recyclable materials and providing the houses’ organic fertilizer purposed.

Background and objective: CIE color standard system has been extensively used to determine various physico-chemical characteristics of porous media such as soil. Objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship of C/N ratio and organic matter percentage with parameters of CIELAB color standard system during composting production process.Material and methods: In this study, changes on parameters of CIELAB color standard alongside with organic matter percentages and values of C/N ratio were measured for 90 days during urban solid wastes materials’ composting process in Arad-Kouh factory in Tehran.Results: The results showed that there are significant relationships of L* with organic matter (r=0.942, a=0.01) and ratio of C/N (r=0.915, a=0.01) from one hand and parameter of a*/b* with organic matter (r=-0.876, a=0.01) and ratio of C/N (r=-0.893, a=0.01) from other hand.Conclusion: Statistical interpretation of the obtained results approved that instead of common analytical methods for quality evaluation of composted materials; parameters of L* and a*/b* are easy, inexpensive and quick to estimate ratio of C/N and organic matter percentage of composted urban solid wastes materials reliably.

Plantation area of Zagros in west Iran is among the richest and most valuable interconnected ecosystems in Iran which contains enormous genetic and plant resources so that it is of significant importance in terms of diversity and combination of floristic. The Protection area of Oshtorankooh in Lorestan province is considered as one of the distinguished ecosystems of this area. For this reason, this study addresses the introduction of Floristics, and Chorology investigation and examination of Vegetation Structure of the plants in a certain part of central Zagros mountain slopes located at Oshtorankooh, Lorestan. The results of this study includes identification of 62 species related to 24 family within just area of 50 hectares located at 1600-1800 Meters altitude in Protection area of Oshtorankooh. Asteraceae, Papilionaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae and Apiaceae arethe most important available families of this region and comprise70%of overall species.Hemicryptophytes (32%) and Therophytes (31%) are the dominant biological forms. Chorologic investigation of the species and extraction of Chorotypes showed that Irano-Turanian (39%), Irano-Turanian Mediterranean (22%) and Irano-Turanian Mediterranean Siberian European (17%) growing elements are the most important available chorologic groups of this area and other plant combination is related to corotypes which are found in two or several regions and stand in the lower orders of importance. In addition, endemically, 10 species, namely 16% of them are special and endemic within territory of Iran which comprises 0.6 % of overall endemic species of Iran.

Introduction: Gazella subgutturosa, which is herbivorous and ruminating mammals, is one of the artiodactyls in Iran. This species is one of the most important herbivorous species of Iranian plain. It isalso distributed in some protected area like Sorkhe-hesar national Park. The aim of this project was determination of Nutritional carrying capacity of habitat and amount of available forages in critical season by using cutting and weighing method.Methods: Primary observations have been performed for determination of habitat restrictions andmonitoring tracks of this species. Therefore total monitoring tracks for this species was measured 44Km. Then these tracks have been visited daily and exact points for species presenting were recorded by GPS. In addition, herbaceous species, which are feed by Gazella subgutturosa were identified and also listed by direct observation. Dried weight and density of herbaceous species which were grazed by Gazella subgutturosa were detected and biomass of Gazella subgutturosa habitat was calculated as well.In next section, nutritional carrying capacity of Gazella subgutturosa in critical period was measured by using animal units and daily requirement of Gazella subgutturosa to feeding. Cutting and weighting method and direct observation were also used for this measurement.Discussion: At the end of this project, 15 herbaceous species from 8 classes, which are using by Gazella subgutturosa and wild sheep, have been identified. Furthermore it is recognized that Poaceae with 8 species have most diversity in Gazella subgutturosa diet. To sum up, total carrying capacity for Gazella subgutturosa protection in this area has been calculated 56 and 107 units with and without competitor’s assumption respectively.

Background: The aim of the study is land scape green urban park survey as a citizen park. So recreation, rehabilitation and reconstruction, optimize the applicable surrounding areas, so the developing, equipment and improvement of spaces and centers was considered in the region 22 in Tehran. So according to this study, developing and improvement of spaces and appropriate and efficient centers meet different needs of citizens. Ecological conditions of this park prepare needs of citizens in green space.Method: The region 22 in Tehran is one of new established area and the first place have had plans and designs for residency of people, so: Rabbit Valley Park selected for this survey. This research is descriptive study based on collecting and data analyses. In order to understand needs of citizens in park, one questionnaire distributed amongst visitors. The questions were including numbers of visits of park, needs of services, needs of pleasures and so on. Then according to the gathered data, analysis of the data, charts and bars histograms is done by Excel and SPSS programs.The results: According to the found suggestions were as bellows: management of park should have plan and planning, recreation and reengineering in park is necessary, condition of the park due to the possibilities and limitations of the park should be repaired, creating a center for recreation and entertainment should establish, the space of park should increase, the park should develop, sports and games sights should be implemented inside the park. Access to sanitation should be equiped for people. Lights should be prepared in the direction the park, park should be prepared by relaxation and pollution should be reduces and sounds, audio-visual should be prepared in the park.

Aim & back ground: Nowadays, one of the major issues in the world is cleaning up soils contaminated with inorganic pollutants. Phytoremediation is one of the methods that due to economic reasons and environmental friendly action which attracted much attention in recent decades.The aim of this study: To assess the potential Zn accumulation in different parts of ornamental palm.Method: In this study one year old ornamental palm seedlings in a randomized design with three repetition, were exposed to ZnSO4 in 4 different concentrations: 0, 50, 250 and 500 (mg Zn2+L-1) for45 days. Subsequently Zn2+uptake was quantified in roots, shoots and leaves of the seedlings by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). In addition, some morphological and physiological parameters such as biomass production, shoots and roots length, plant appearance and some other elements were measured.Results: The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the traits such as fresh and dry weight tolerance value, collar diameter, plant height, tolerance stress, index of plant resistance, relative water content and deficiency saturated absorption cell, had been significantly effected by Zinc treatments. The results also showed that ornamental Palm seedlings have the ability to accumulate zinc manifold in roots than shoots and leaves. In addition, the species has the coefficients of bio accumulate more and transport factors less than one unit.Conclusion: Based on these results, we can recommend the ornamental Palm as stabilizer species for the cleanup of contaminated soils with zinc heavy metal.

Background and Objectives: Todays abuse of the Environment and the living World, both as at Target and as a tool for Terrorist Activity is Evident. In this context, "green war" with the changing face of terrorism as a phenomenon, emerging in the contemporary world appears. Not only the international laws, but domestic laws (National) did not counter this threat practically. It provides emerging threats. However, the applicability of legal principles, strategies could also replace the antiterrorism actions effectively and provide appropriate solutions for this crisis. Green or environmental terrorism, including terrorism with new environmental elements, conveniently located on the route of terrorist activity.Methods: The Presented cross-sectional study based on the principles, methods, libraries research and the forwarded ways based on the cross-sectional and Library Noting including old and new aspects of this new phenomenon of terrorism is discussed. In this regard, the proposed environmental terrorism as a global risk coping strategies are also reviewed and considered with the best route is diplomacy.Results: In addition to describing the implementation of these strategies in this regard, this study has attempted to offer effective strategic approaches to tackle the new criminal law as "green terrorism" or "the ecosystem drawing" with the best tackle of the mechanisms which provides emerging threats.

Context and Aim: Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have been established to stabilize the amount of GHGs in the atmosphere. In this regard, Kyoto Protocol (KP)has been ratified to facilitate the implementation of the UNFCCC. This paper aimed to evaluate Iran’s energy policy adaptation with UNFCCC and KP goals.Methods: We used a statistical analysis method based on expert judgment. An analytical hierarchal process was used for prioritization of indicators. A comparative study conducted to evaluate adaption rate.Findings: By conducting expert judgment we found five selected indicators. These indicators have been selected from six main group of indicators used in environmental performance evaluation. We defined a composite index by integrating the selected indicators. Namely: Energy intensity, Energy consumption growth rate, energy consumption per capita, the amount of CO2 emission, and the share of renewable sources of energy in the energy consumption. Also we found a group of countries with same economic growth status with Iran based on the global competitive index of the world economic forum. The analysis shows in spite of Iran paid considerable attention to energy policies but its energy policies adaptation with UNFCCC and KP has not improved.Discussion: We compared Iran’s adaptation status with other countries. Iran has the highest energy intensity and CO2 emission in comparison with the selected countries and it is one of the last seven countries based on other indicators. It shows Iran does not have an acceptable status in this regard.Finally, we proposed some policy recommendations.