JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2014 | Volume:16 | Issue:1 (60)|Papers Count:15

The goal of this article is to analyze the impact of green space and urban parks on reduction of PM10 suspended particles and compare the resulted figures with the surrounding areas. In this research Laleh Park and its surroundings were selected.Laleh park with 35 hectares of land is located in district 6 of Tehran municipality limit. The park was developed 45 years ago and has performed as important asset in the district where served Tehran citizens by variety of uses such as recreational, sports, and amusement.For this purpose, long term studies were conducted and frequent visits made to project site, where eventually 14 monitoring stations equipped with standard instruments were installed to take field samples of PM10 suspended particles, twice daily (morning and evening ), for a period of one year.On the basis of these measurements, the average seasonal and annual PM10 suspended particles were compared with figures obtained from the surrounding city pollution monitoring stations. Also in this area, meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, speed and direction of wind were measured. Through using GIS software as a potential system, dispersion pattern of particles in the environment was analyzed.Continuing the process, software (matlab) was able to show the spectrum of dispersion pattern from park central square to maximum radius of 3000 meters. Finally, the positive correlation between presence of space and reduction of suspended particles in the environment is shown based on PM10 dispersion pattern graphs drawn through use of GIS software.

Stream flow forecasting is one the effective mean for reservoir operation and hydropower rule curve optimizing. Using multivariable liner regression model is one of the conventional approaches for stream flow forecasting. High sensitivity of regression model to independency of independent variable (predictors) and ratio of statistical period to the number of predictors are challengeable problems for these models. Inter-correlation between predictors causes wrong estimation of predictor. At this paper for reduction of predictors for increase ratio of statistical period to the number of predictors and elimination of Inter-correlation between predictors, SSP model was prepared. SSP model use a strong searching algorithm to select effective initial predictors and principal component for seasonal and monthly forecasting. Deficiency of snow data such as snow water equivalent (SWE) is a problem of spring and summer stream-flow forecasting in cold catchment. SWE is measured twice a year in IRAN. There for, it is a prepared physical model SWEG to simulate daily SWE according other parameter such as precipitation, temperature, wind velocity and etc. it is used of Genetic algorithm to calibrate parameters of SWEG. In this paper output of SWEG is used as one variable of input variables of SSP for monthly stream-flow of TOROGH dam forecasting. The result of (RMSE) and coefficient of correlation shown that combination of these two models have enough accuracy for monthly stream-flow forecasting.

Introduction: Nowadays due to attention to progress of environmental laws and the importance of the wastewater purification, treatment and degradation of it have been considered as one of the important subjects. The purpose of this research is isolation and evaluation of aerobes and anaerobes microorganisms effective on oil wastewater.Materials and Methods: The specimens of this research were collected from effluent wastewater containing oil compounds of moulding unit of Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex. Mesophilic, Thermophilic and SRBs bacteria and fungus were isolated in special media. Then all of the colonies were evaluated for purpose of bio-surfactant production by emulsification tests and surface tension reduction by Tensio-meter in M.S.S medium. At last the effects of colonies with the emulsification power of 2.5–4 and surface tension reduction up to 9mN/m on wastewater structure were evaluated by HPLC chromatography.Result and Discussion: Only 15 Mesophilic bacteria of 104 isolated microorganisms have shown the most effect on the wastewater structure. Thermophilic and SRBs bacteria and fungus had insignificant effects on wastewater structure. With due results of this research, omitting heavy and organic compounds from wastewater aerobe and Mesophilic bacteria should be considered more effectively.

In present research in order to reduce emitted pollutant gases from vehicles, design and production of metallic catalyst converter have been studied. The specimens are adjustable on different engines with different capacity. For this purpose the following steps were carried out:The first step is preparation of a-4 sheet consists of annealing, forming and making monolith. The second step contains providing wash coat and catalyst metals and coating them on washed coated monolith. The last step is canning of catalyst converter. After accomplishing above steps, required tests have been done as below:Measurement of emitted pollutants from vehicles, stability of catalyst converter in vehicle (road test) and finally measurement of amount of fuel consumption of vehicles with different used catalyst converters in them.Results of these tests showed that emission of CO was equivalent with Euro3 standard and NOX emission was equivalent to Euro4 standard and NOX+HC emission was equivalent with Euro3 standard.

Karoun River is one of the most important water ways and longest rivers of Iran. Because of agricultural farms, industrial units and cities in its vicinity, the Karoun River has a strategical position. Hence, its water quality monitoring is essential due to many point and non point sources of pollution. This study was carried out to evaluate Karoun River’s water quality in Ahvaz region. For water quality data's analysis in various stations, index of water quality NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) software from Wilkes University is used. Therefore Dissolved Oxygen, fecal coliform, pH, BOD5, Nitrate, Phosphate, Temperature, Turbidity and Total solids were determined on monthly basis.The monthly WQI in studied stations fluctuates from 57 to 70 that fall within medium category. Water quality index from first to last station gradually decreased. The results of WQINSF for river bank water quality computation during 1 year sampling period show that Koot-Abdollah station (lower part of the river) has the worst situation with yearly index of 62.5 and Kian-Abad station (upper section of the river) has the best quality amongst studied stations (65.25).Because of river bed and self purification, seasonal change has insignificant effects on water quality in Pol-e-Siah station. Water quality (in spring) because of the suitable conditions for growth of fecal coliforms and increased turbidity- has worst situation and in autumn season -because of the incensement of rain and decreasing of contaminations- has best situation.

Introduction: Regarding to the ground water pollution by Arsenic (As) in Ghorveh and Bijar field, contamination levels have been analyzed in irrigated plants (potato and carrot samples).Materials and Methods: Analyzes method have been by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Twenty four potato samples (of the 12 potato plots) and 4 carrot samples (of the 2 carrot plots) picked up and As contents were measured in skin and yield tissue separately. In potato of total 24 samples, 11 samples had less than 10 mg As/kg, 9 samples had to10- 20 and 4 samples had As in the range of 20- 25 mg As/kg. Skin-related Arsenic was higher than it in yield tissue. Of total skin samples: 17 samples had less than 50 mg As/kg, 5 samples had As in the range of 50 t0 100 and the last 2 samples had As in the range of 200-300 mg As/kg. All carrot samples showed As content less than 5 mg As/kg.Result and Discussion: (As) was high is some samples in skin of potato regarding to less transfer rate to eatable section, quantity will less with separate skin. In carrot, high quantity Arsenic ion is absorbed by roots because it has vast roots and transport in skin and.

The main objective to study the materials in nano scale is establishing the new classification of materials and their new function which may introduce a noticeable application for them. Even though there have been several researches on the process of soil-contaminant interactions, the process of heavy metal contaminant and nano-clays have not been investigated yet. On the other hand, contamination of soils with Cu ions is very common in geo-environmental projects. The main objective of this research is to investigate the interaction process of Cu contaminant with nano-clays before and after treatment with carbonate. To achieve this objective, series of geo environmental experiments were performed. These experiments included, batch equilibrium testing, buffering and pH measurements. The achieved results indicate that the main part of buffering capacity and contaminant retention of soil are due to the presence of carbonate in soils. According to the achieved results in betonies, kaolinite, and four nano-clay samples the contaminant retention of soils is as follows: Betonies> CloisiteâNa+> Kaolinite> Cloisiteâ30B> Cloisiteâ20A> Cloisiteâ15A.Furthermore, with increasing of carbonate content there will be a change on the order of ability of samples for contaminant retention. For soil samples with 8% carbonate, the Cu retention of samples will be according to the following order: CloisiteâNa+> Cloisiteâ15A³ Cloisiteâ20A> Cloisiteâ30B> Bentonite.

Heavy metals are the most important pollutant factors of water resources specially rivers. Entrance of metals in natural aquatic ecosystems arises from discharging of domestic, agricultural and industrial sewage. With respect to the health risks possibility and also importance of aquatic ecosystems, in this study the amounts of Pb, Zn, Ni elements in Goharrood river of Rasht were measured. The samples were collected in nine stages from five stations. Experiments were done by atomic absorption instruments. Results showed that the average amounts of Pb, Zn and Ni all along the river were respectively 38±30, 156±119, 31±15 ppb. Maximum amounts were measured as follows: Pb 168 ppb in station 3, Zn 513 ppb in station 4 and Ni 60 ppm in station4. ANOVA doesn't show significant difference between the measured average amounts of Pb, but there is significant difference between the average amounts of Zn and Ni elements in different stations. This paper shows that the stations inside the city measured a larger amount of the elements. This can be a result of discharging large amounts of domestic and industrial waste water to this part of the river. Rates of the elements in Goharrood river were found to be over the maximum acceptable rates determined by the department of environment for keeping aquatic organisms alive since Goharrood river is one of the routes for water to enter Anzali wetland, there is a possibility of increased biological risks in fish and human bodies.

Produced paint sludge of automotive Industry has heavy metals and because of this, has high pollution potential. Incorrect Disposal of paint sludge led to kinds of environmental pollution. The object of this Investigation was identification of main pollutants of paint sludge that can be database to presenting profitable economic solution for recycling of that. For identifying elements and concentration of paint sludge, various tests have been carried out. These tests contains: XRF3, XRD4 and DTA.Results proved existing heavy metal elements like copper (1.5 gr/lit), zinc (13.09 gr/lit), Aluminum (58.76 gr/lit), Magnesium (23.004 gr/lit), Titanium (32.68 gr/lit), Vanadium (0.9 gr/lit) and etc. Comparing with environmental Standards showed that most kind of these elements are out of standard ranges and are noticeable pollutant elements. These results show the necessity of gaining solution for recycling of paint sludge. Then, more research about this case for deleting or decreasing pollutions is suggested.

Introduction: Due to the increasing use of the adsorption process to remove pollutants in the environment, choosing a suitable material from technical and economical aspects as catchy has been a major concern of researchers in this field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of coral limestone granules to remove metals cadmium and lead in the aquatic solutions.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in a laboratory scale. During the first stages some coral limestone with numerous granules were prepared from the 30 mesh metal removal efficiency under different conditions and changing the effective factors, including pH; contact time and amount of adsorbent was determined. Aabsorption isotherms of metal ions on the adsorbent according to the desired test Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were evaluated.Result and Discussion: This study showed that maximum adsorption capacity of cadmium and lead on calcareous coral granules in optimum condition is 370.3 and 14.77 mg/L respectively. The removal efficiency of metals contact time, amount of adsorbent and pH was directly related to the most appropriate pH for the removal of metals is studied pH=10 in the best model isotherms adsorb the cadmium model of Langmuir (R2=0.9891) and for the lead model Freundlich (R2=0.9909) were determined. Due to good removal efficiency, low cost production process and lack of environmentally harmful substances, this material can be used to remove cadmium and lead from the Industrial Wastewater Treatment. Analyze data and determine correlations between variables using regression analysis Non-parametric Spearman showed no significant correlation between efficiency and the variables there.

Introduction: This research has studied to determinate the value of preservation of Shirkooh zone and adjacent outdoor recreation villages and measured the individuals willingness to pay (WTP) for preservation profits of this zone.Material and Method: Logit model was used for measuring of individual's willingness to pay and estimation parameters of the model are based on method of maximum likely hood (ML).Result and Discussion: The results showed that 79.1% individuals have the willingness to pay for preservation of this zone. In this study, the mean of WTP for preservation value of this zone is 31250 Ir. Rials per month per household. Therefore Shirkooh promenade zone has considerable preservation value and this value, policy and decision persuades the suitable preservation of this zone.

Introduction: Construction and demolition wastes make considerable part of the municipal solid wastes. Construction industry uses large amounts of the natural resources and produces massive quantities of construction and demolition wastes. Thus construction and demolition wastes management is one of the prime concerns especially in developing countries. Construction and demolition wastes management requires knowledge of ways of collection, recycling, and disposal of construction and demolition wastes. This study was conducted to evaluate collection system, recycling, and disposal of construction and demolition wastes of the city of Kerman in 1387.Materials and Methods: This work has been a cross-sectional research study .This study was conducted to evaluate the status of construction and demolition wastes in the city of Kerman. Initially, the required issues and matters were classified based on the research goals. Relevant foreign research papers and experiences of countries in the area of management and recycling of this type of wastes were reviewed. Then, a comprehensive questionnaire was designed and compiled.Result and Discussion: In Kerman 2400 tons construction and demolition wastes are generated daily, that is, 0.005kg/capital-day. The sources of the construction and demolition wastes in Kerman are construction of residential ,commercial ,industrial buildings ,excavation ,demolition and reconstruction of old buildings ,parks ,squares and curb forming which show a remarkable increase during last six years .Of 2400 tons construction and demolition wastes 120 tons (5%) are recycled and the rest are disposed .The predominant recycled construction and demolition wastes are scrap iron (3%) ,soil (2%) ,brick (1%) ,wood (0.5%) and asphalt (0.5%) .At the present time collection, transportation, and disposal of the wastes are accomplished by public and private section by the means of 300 auto trips each day .Conventional method of the construction and demolition waste disposal in Kerman is stored in places which is safe environmentally, hygienically, and recreationally.The implementation of a successful recycling plan demands thorough information regarding quality and quantity of wastes as well as recycling site. Trade market conditions of construction and demolition wastes are also prime importance. Establishment of a systematic method for collection, transportation and recycling of construction and demolition wastes would be a productive step in the direction of advancement and development goal of the city of Kerman. Present research results are conformed to obtained results in Thailand in the cases of the generation rate and management of construction and demolition wastes recycling, recycling of construction and demolition waste via a mechanical sorting process in Taiwan and generation and management of construction and demolition waste in Greece.

Introduction: The goal of this study was determination of concentration of mercury in hair and liver tissues of the golden jackal (Canis aureus), and to determine the relation between the mercury concentration in liver and hair and body weight and length, and sex. These data were then used to evaluate the suitability of using hair as a noninvasive technique for determining body burdens of mercury.Materials and Methods: Liver and hair samples from golden jackal were collected from Noor in the central coastline Mazandaran province. The samples of this study were taken from road-killed. The mercury was measured by the LECO AMA 254 Advanced Mercury Analyzer (USA) according to ASTM, standard No. D-6722.Result and Discussion: There wasn’t any significant difference neither between sexes nor in tissues. On the contrary, positive and significant differences (p>0.05) were found between mercury level in hair with weight and length of body. Mercury level was generally low; they do not reach levels that are known to cause potential adverse effects in animals. It's probably to be a first study for golden jackal for this purpose, and also this probe suggested easy and non-invasive sampling.

Introduction: Nowadays in water chemical quality determination and study over this matter, considering the presence of invertebrates macro benthic is one of the important and complementary elements diagnostic tests. With studying on changing population of invertebrates macro benthic and their variety, it is possible to evaluate the contamination of aqueous ecosystem especially estuaries.Materials and Methods: In this research comparison of the gained results from biological indices with physical and chemical tests, evaluation of Ismailee estuary’s (part of Moosa estuary) contamination was performed. For this purpose 5 stations were chosen and sampling was carried out in four different seasons. Also some indices related to water quality and sediment rate for different objects such as DO, EC, water temperature, pH, turbidity, GSA and TOM were tested and measured.Result and Discussion: According to the achieved results there were found 4 identical groups of macro benthic which include 44 species in that study area. Based on this research the highest percentage belongs to Polycheata with 35.77%, then Bivalvia with 33.15%, abdomen end of the Gastropoda with 19.76% and Crustacea with 11.32%. The average of studied density of Macrobenthose per square meter of bed area was 550 individuals. That means the density of these creators is low. In order to identify the contamination rate of the ecological condition of this area, Welch model was applied. Calculating the gained amount of Shanon Index with presented Welch index shows that the studied area has moderate range of contamination.