MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE
Year:2006 | Volume:19 | Issue:72|Papers Count:9

This paper refers to social entrepreneurship as a paradigm on which the two political and social contexts have had effects. The change of social welfare approach to Neo-liberalism in the field of political science and the rise of social capital in the field of sociology brings on the stage the paradigm of social entrepreneurship apparently in the literature of entrepreneurship against societies in this time. The essence of this paradigm is the social creativity, and citizens engagement in the fields of decision making about needs, expectations, and social issues and values.

Actually social capital is not a new idea, but the circumstances that have resulted in a novel approach to its concept, significance and benefits are new. Social capital, as a relationship that people establish among one another, became a significant concept and drew the attention of social scientists in 1990's. The existence of suitable background of social debates on organization and management has swiftly promoted the studies on social capital and its application on organizational research. Organizational social capita is defined as a source originated in social relation within an organization. This has been specified through collective goal and shared trust among the members' levels. Social capital is a collective feature of a byproduct of the organizations' activities, which complements collective action, and is a management phenomenon, possessing these features: trust, norms, values, shared behaviors, communication, collaboration, mutual commitment and cognition and networks. These are the reasons why organizations consider social capital seriously: 1. The significance of organization on the basis of Knowledge; 2. Economic is considered to be networked. Owing to its nature, social capital can have its own strengths and flaws for the organization, and social capital development necessitates the estimation of costs and relative profits derived from it. This calls for the attention and interest of managers of the field. The aim of this article is to introduce social capital concept and to justify the reason why organizations take it so seriously.

The present article proposes Habermas's Communicative Action Theory as an alternative framework for conceptualizing consumer decision-making on the Web, thus adopting a critical approach to the "instrumental" perception of rationality and decision-making. In the instrumental context, rationality is a measure of effectiveness by which one can adjust to or manipulate one's surroundings in order to realize subjective preferences. The Communicative Action Theory suggests that rationality is not uni-dimensional and cannot be reduced to mere cost-benefit analysis performed by an isolated agent, i.e. the consumer. In addition to its instrumental aspect, rationality is a multilayered communicative process that is embedded in social interaction culminating in a consensus between interacting and communicating agents and thus assumes a "dialogical" dimension. It is in this context that the present research seeks to reconstruct consumer decision-making model on the Web. To this end we adopt the triangulation methodological approach, combining quantitative and qualitative research methods.

Consideration of information technology infrastructure is one of the most important factors for a successful management system implementation. That is why the balanced scorecard, as a management system, is not an exemption from this rule. Also, due to the increase in its usage in different businesses, considering the information technology infrastructure is the way of success in implementing a balanced scorecard in variety of organizations. The model which has been created in this paper is called Information Technology/ Balanced Scorecard. It considers the information technology prerequisites in all phases of a successful balanced scorecard implementation in a matrix. This matrix consists of seven rows and five columns. Initiatives, Project planning, Model synthesis, Technical implementation, Organizational integration, Technical integration and Operation are the balance scorecard implementation phases. Also, columns that consider information technology dimensions are Hardware, Software, Network, Data and People. Furthermore, this model can measure the readiness of an organization that intends to implement the balanced scorecard in the company.

The using of applicable model of budgeting for effect activity of rules and auxiliaries in the annual budget has been special important. This paper tried to presentation of models for optimization of allocation of credits in the "a" article of 6 auxiliary of budget in the towns of province .In this paper importance and quantity of criteria of allocation provincial Infra structure credits to-towns and gap between status queue of towns to aspiration level or galling of fifth program of development will be attention .Needing budget of any towns also will be accounting and with proposed pattern of ratio stable distance of credit allocation between towns. This model will be formulation based on the data's of year of 1381 in management and planning organization of khorasan province finding of model will be compare with finding of current method user of organization (ratio per rate) and showing that current method of organization is not optimize.

Although the concept of alignment appears to be a central theme is different fields of management and organization literature, the design of models and constructs for measuring alignment among different organizational elements has been a great dilemma. This article reviews alignment as an integrating concept in contingency studies. Three different classification frameworks of the concept and measurement methods are introduced. Each of these three frameworks are discussed according to different perspectives toward alignment, the functional form and testing schemes for these perspectives, and then specific research requirements for each approach is criticized. Finally, using these three different frameworks, a new integrating framework for addressing theoretical and analytical issues for the concept of alignment is proposed.

In this paper we investigate the performance of simulated annealing (SA) and genetic algorithm (GA) in preventive part replacement for minimum downtime maintenance planning. Therefore some evaluation criteria are explained in order to analyze the performance of the algorithms. So it can be decided which algorithm is more suitable to apply in preventive part replacement.