LITERARY TEXT RESEARCH (PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE)
Year:2018 | Volume:22 | Issue:76 |Papers Count:11

Love has been the most important topic in mystical literature whose conceptual framework has gone far beyond frameworks of the existing word to well above the world of senses, and the most exalted ideas of Islamic philosophers and mystics have materialized themselves in it.There are three major approaches (i.e., philosophical, mystical and the one between the two) that have applied their whole spectrum of imagination and thinking to define and describe the concepts of love."Ábhar-olashegin" of Roozbahan Baghli and "Mashariq-ol Anvar-alqoloob" of Ibn al-Dabbagh Cyrene, which have been composed in two distinct ideological and geographical contexts, are outstanding examples of mystical and philosophical spectrums. Through explaining and analyzing the issue of divine love in these two works, we demonstrate that Islamic scholars and mystics have defined the nature of such love through establishing certain phrases and expressions and thereby have enriched mystical language and concepts through the widespread application of such specific and technical phrases and terms.

Since long ago, the human confrontation with death has roused the curiosity and fear in him. What would happen to him after death and where he would go? That is the main question and apprehension of the mankind.Imaginative travel books have been one of the common responses to this fear and curiosity. The samples of these works are manifested in many cultures and nations. The current study, as one of the long list of these texts which are called "spiritual travel books", employs analytical and descriptive methods to examine five cases: Gilgamesh epic, Ardavirafname, Er of Plato, Seyrolebad Sanaaie, and Divine comedy of Dante. Regarding political, social, religious, and philosophical goals these texts have some commonalities. They also have similarities in structural specifications such as: holy numbers, presence of guide, symbol, archetype, description of afterlife world and etc. These sharing and similarities resulting from fundamental pattern of human beings’ mentality and cultural and religious exchanges between nations show that the spiritual travel books can account for the common language of mankind and reveal how facts are shared among human beings.

A brief look at poets’ poetry shows that a quatrain is often attributed to numerous poets. Therefore, recognizing each poet’s quatrains is one of the most difficult parts of text correction. Although developing a series of quatrains is influential in the identification of poets of some quatrains, being thematic, single version, great number of writings, and copying from each other have created various problems in identifying the poets. Also, Kamaloddin Isfahani is one of the poets who plays an important role in writing quatrains. His poems have been scrutinized by quatrain anthologies collectors. By taking into account these two issues, the present study seeks to investigate his quatrains through Kamaloddin Esfahani’s generalities manuscripts and based on resources such as Nozhatolmajales, Mounesolahrar, Kholasatolashaar, collection of poems, Persian and Arabic correspondence, and ancient Safeenatun of quatrains. The current study used analytical approach in which archival sources as well as other researchers’ scientific findings were used. The incentive to conduct this study is mainly due to the importance of Kamaloddin Esfahani during the sixth and seventh centuries, especially in the form of quatrain, and the lack of comprehensive research on the subject. To bridge the current gap, we specified the poet’s extensions and scraps of quatrains in Bahrololoomi’s corrected text and validated anthologies on assigning quatrain poems to poets.

Love is the most important key word for all mystical texts, especially in the school of thought of the Maulana. Love cannot be expressed in a simple and direct way; therefore, the mystics, with various linguistic and conceptualization means, attempt to clarify their meaning by using a wide range of linguistic and conceptual tools. In Masnavi, love is also a key element.In this paper, metaphors that have been reflected in the love of Mowlavi's Masnawi have been studied. The theoretical basis of the research is the conception/cognitive theory of Lakoff and Johnson's metaphor in which, contrary to the traditional approach, metaphor not only has an aesthetic role, but it also is a cognitive tool for understanding the author' s worldview and thinking. At the beginning of the article, a report of the conceptual/cognitive metaphors of love in Mowlavi's Masnavi is presented and these metaphors are analyzed based on the source and destination. The present study aims to identify the main metaphors of love in Masnavi and discover Rumi's view of love. These metaphors, in terms of content, fall into four main categories: a group that presents a positive image of love, the second group highlights the negative qualities of love, the third is twofold metaphors, and the fourth category is metaphors that are conceptually neutral. The cognitive analysis of each group/network is presented from metaphors according to their central metaphors. The results revealed that burning, befuddling, and sentiment are the most important aspects of love from Mowlana's point of view. He also believes that beloved is very powerful and has all authority; on the other hand, lover is needy, dependent and follower of beloved.

The ease and perseverance of Sa'di's words in the first encounter with each poet is very appealing and pleasant, especially when it becomes more apparent that Sa'di's attention to artistic practices in exploiting the rhetorical rhetoric in his sonnets. One of the topics discussed in the science of meanings, bound and limitation. In fact, this method is one of the factors of the emphasis in theology used to highlight and influence.The rhetoric scholars of Arabic have pointed to various ways to create a falsehood, which in the Persian language, like other topics of semantics, has been referred to in the same way, regardless of the specific structure of the Persian language, while many of these are not compatible with the structure of Persian language. There are other things that are not at stake. In this research, we tried to investigate the linguistic structure of the false poster created in Saadi's lyrics, in Persian, what methods exist to create a confinement in the word which is considered from the point of view of the aesthetics of art, rhetoric, and applied semantics siege of cases and generalizable laws, thanks totheartand interest Saadi, speaking in the trick also pointed out that the language and found that the language persian rhetoric measure of artistic speech in Saadi poem lyric.

One of the modern theories of linguistics and gender and language is DSL theory put forward by the eminent American linguist Robin Lakoff. According to this theory, the speech style of men and women is distinctive and different even in the most hidden cases. This is recognizable on the basis of dividing the gender structure of language into mind and lingual branches. The authors of this essay have used this theory to consider the language approach in Jahan Malek Khatoun’s poem that is the first female poet whose works are fairly complete. The main motive behind this study is some studies that have been conducted on the poetic style of Jahan Malek. These studies have considered her style like the male poems style in terms of structure and language. Also, the female aspect of her poems has been neglected. The findings of the linguistic forms demonstrated that the high frequent use of words means companionship and cooperation. Mentally, words express female emotions explicitly which are the important signs for female language approach in Jahan Malek poems. In fact, Lakoff theory is a suitable model for considering literary works from gender and language perspective.

“Shemiran Bus” is the first collected story of “scattered memories” written by Goli Taraghi. She has used narrative technique efficiently by employing memory and story narrative type. Time, which narrative is heavily contingent on, plays an important role in shaping the structure of a narrative. Time in narratology is investigated mainly in three parts: order, continuity and frequency. Gérard Genette, a pioneer researcher, is one of the greatest theorists of “time and narrative”. The current study employed descriptive-analytical method to examine time from narratology perspective of Gérard Genette and its role in shaping the narrative in the short story of Shemiran Bus. The results showed that Taraghi has employed retrospective internal anachronism and external anachronism to destruct the time linear trend. The retrospective internal anachronism due to association is the common application of time in this story. Also, the retrospective external anachronism has been used in two cases accompanied by arguing act of character and nostalgia of the memories. In the scope of continuity, the elements of descriptive pause, deletion, summarization and display have been used according to the importance of the subject matters. At the beginning of the story, due to attention of the writer to descriptive pause, characterization and explanation with more detail, the narration momentum is negative. The dominant frequency in this story is singular, and repetitive frequency has been used for meaningful emphasis on the plot.

In the history of Persian literature, memoir has received scant attention compared to fiction. But this genre was revitalized when the Iraqi-imposed-war against Iran broke out and the Iranian warriors started to record their memories. The significant number of memoirs published in the aftermath of the war calls for a special heed to this genre and the need for the examination of memoirs in the light of literary standards. Memoirs are of double nature: historical and fictional. Every single memoir, depending on the techniques it employs, has either historical or fictional orientation.Analyzing the elements of the story may well prove the fictional orientation of the memoirs. Investigating the elements of “plot”, “narrative”, “dialogue” and “character”, the common elements between fiction and memoir, the present study evidences the affinity between the memoir of Daughter of Sheena and fiction.

The time element is a kernel component and organizer of the narrative stories. The paper illustrates time element and its influence in the under plotted anecdotes of Marzban-Nameh. To this end, the most frequent lingual signs in those anecdotes were analyzed carefully on the basis of efficient theories and points of view. First of all, three groups of grammar structures, figures of speech and lingual symmetries which are the most common and effective lingual signs in the narrative speed were studied from the speed and function point of view. Then, by studying all of the signs that have effects on the speed, in all of the narratives from the point of view of philosophy, the speed of mentioned anecdotes was evaluated. The findings revealed that the speed and dynamism are common in the studied narratives.Also, the number of dynamic or static signs is mostly related to the verb of sentence. It means that if the verb of a sentence is dynamic, all or the most of that sentence signs are dynamic and vice versa. So, the author applied an especial style to effectively use the signs and manage the narrative speed in each sentence.

The ascension of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) has had a great influence on the ascensions in Sufism. Moreover, its confirmation and description in many mystical texts indicates the narrator’s faith, while the ascension was influenced by the involvement of storytellers and its connection with some folk tales has not been considered. This study compares a narration by Ibn Abbas about the ascension and the Journey of Alexander in the Tarsusi’s Darab Naameh. In Darab Naameh, Alexander is an oriental world traveler who has found theosophic dimensions. A kingly pedigree has been created for him. The Islamic community highlighted the prophet hood concepts about Alexander, and attributed to him a supreme experience like what the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) experienced at the ascension night, but at a lower level. The journey of Alexander, to see the wonders and search for water, has the major foundations of ascension. The comparison of these two shows the common elements which, based on the inter-textual relationship with the Qur'an, illustrates the examples of “The Great Verses”. According to the Quran's value system, “verses” or signs are the illustrations of the Creator and create belief. A stream of meaning emerges in the verses that transform the “presence” of activists. The analysis of both journeys based on symbology-semantics approach, shows that in addition to the three common elements “paradise and hell”, “angelology” and “meeting God”, there are common organizational levels, functions and semantic creations among the two.

One of the main differences between the mystics and those following the Sharia (orthodox law) is their interest in the holy path or the spiritual journey toward the truth. The mystics believe that lifting the veils between the servant and the ultimate truth, achieving the intuitive knowledge and the perfection of monotheism, is possible through this mystical journey.There are many books and papers by Sufi saints that have addressed the characteristics and attributes that a disciple needs to have to reach the end goal. Shams Tabrizi, the well-known Sufi saint (1185-1248), has also talked about these concepts. However, there is a huge problem in accessing his views on these issues, as they are not gathered in a specific chapter similar to other concepts in his book, al-Maqalat, and are spread in different parts of the book.In this article, this issue has been addressed and the related concepts have been separated from the al-Maqalat book to have a better access to Shams Tabrizi’s views on characteristics and attributes of the seekers of the ultimate truth.