GEOGRAPHIC SPACE
Year:2018 | Volume:18 | Issue:62 |Papers Count:20

One of the most important of pollution forms in cement factories is air pollution by dispersing particles to atmosphere. The particles are contained a certain amount of heavy metals. The aim of present study is detection of heavy metals from dust of the Behbahan cement factory using Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Ziziphus spina-christi as biomonitoring tools. Sampling was carried out random systematic to determination of heavy metal (Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb) concentration in tree leaves and were measured by ICP-AES atomic absorption. Results were: -Average concentrations of metals Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb in Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves 2. 29, 11. 64, 0. 06 and 1. 62 ppm respectively. -Average concentrations of metals Cr, Ni, Cd and in Pb Ziziphus spina-christi leaves 1. 66, 4. 38, 0. 04 and 2. 07 ppm respectively. The results showed heavy metal concentrations were different in plant species taken from different places and directions and species of the factory. The data showed only the mean of chromium and nickel metals on Eucalyptus camaldulensis and chromium on Ziziphus spina-christi was higher than world standard. Also the concentration of elements on trees was decreased with distance of the pollution source.

Dezful County is located in the northern part of Khuzestan province and it is renowned for its natural attractions and its peculiar social history (anthropology). This region embraces a wide variety of plant and animal species such as Persian fallow deer, turtles Euphrates, the Persian leopard, and different kinds of native and emigrant birds so it can be considered as a habitat of various plants and animals. Present study was an attempt for tourism planning in Dezful wildlife for pin pointing the most important animal species for attracting ecotourism, identifying the most important activities in the field of wildlife, and offering some solutions for economical exploitation in line with sustainable development. Research statistical population included 200 tourism experts and local eco-tourists. Data was gathered through researcher constructed questionnaire, validity of which was approved by a group of experts and its reliability was approved by Chi-square test. Data was analyzed by applying descriptive and inferential statistics ( Chi-square distribution). It was found out that there is a significant relationship between the region’ s wildlife and developing the culture of introducing attractions and attracting tourist. Bird-watching and fishing are the main potentials of this region and appropriate scientific planning can be money-making for inhabitants in line with sustainable development. Besides, the existence of the unique Iranian endemic species ( Neurergus kaiseri) can add to the attractions of this region at world level.

Municipalities as an important institution in the service of cities To create a mutual action and to the degree that the services are moved to seek satisfaction and the quality of services provided Because by increasing the quality of service, increased citizen satisfaction and the effectiveness of urban management are improved The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of municipal services in regions tow and four Kerman is SERVQUAL model The research is descriptive, analytical and applied research among the target According to the study, research and data collection survey area (survey) selected Random sampling and data collection using a standard questionnaire SERVQUAL five index Tangible factors dramatically, reliability and trust, accountability and responsibility, guarantee and reliability and finally empathy and respect Was conducted The population of residents is two and four Kerman Cochran formula is an adapted sample size of 384 questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software Whitney U-test results in the form in question indicated that the greatest difference And the gap in the tow and four Kerman related to tangible and visible factors of the index and reliability is guaranteed. Friedman test results in five SERVQUAL model components in districts tow and four Kerman showed that the index of The residents do not have the same values and priorities As in Kerman 4 of empathy and attention of the average (4. 18), the most important and tangible and concrete indicator of the average (2. 31) in the bottom of the matter And tow in the region of Kerman index and ensure reliability with a mean (3. 39) and the most important indicator of reliability and trust, with a mean (2. 11) had low importance among citizens.

Air pollution is one of the major problems in Tabriz, Iran. One of the natural factors involved in air pollution is Temperature inversion which is an effective factor in urban environments therefore the purpose of this study is to investigate the significance relationship between concentration of particulate matter (PM10), carbon monoxide and dioxide sulfur with meteorological parameters such as horizontal vision, pressure, relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, maximum wind speed, KI index, the height of the top of temperature inversion layer, depth and intensity of temperature inversion. Therefore, a 5-year period, from 2008 to 2013 was considered and pollution conditions of Tabriz in the days of inversion were studied using skew-t maps. In order to investigate the relationship between the concentration of pollutants with the properties of temperature inversion layer, climatic parameters and atmospheric stability Pearson correlation was used. Also, multivariate step-wise linear regression was used to indicate the variables which had a greater role in the increase or decrease of the concentration of pollutants. The results showed that the amount of PM10 is significantly related to the intensity of inversion and pressure, CO with inversion intensity, pressure and relative humidity, SO2 with inversion intensity and temperature. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that the intensity of the thermal inversion is the only variable that is positively related to all three pollutants, which indicates the effect of inversion layer’ s intensity on the trend of air pollution and intensification of pollutants concentration. Also, relative humidity and temperature after temperature inversion were the most effective elements on the trend of CO and SO2 pollutants. As a result, variables such as inversion intensity, temperature, relative humidity and pressure had greatest impact on the concentration of pollutants.

Thunder storms or lightning storms are kind of storm that generally associated with convective clouds and usually associated with floods, hail, strong winds, and flash flood. These characteristics, together with turbulence and icing make this one of the most destructive atmospheric phenomenon in flight operations. The purpose of this research is the detection of deep convective clouds (DCC) and severe thunderstorm systems in winter rainfall in the South-East of Iran. To achieve this objective, we used different data, including TRMM / PR and LIS, NOAA / AVHRR satellite images and Synoptic stations data. To determine the exact location of storm, the infrared brightness temperature of NOAA/AVHRR images were used. DCC pixels are identified by their cold infrared (IR) brightness temperatures. The result showed that the vast majority of the clouds had temperatures less than 260 ° K in the time of storm occurrence, but all of these clouds had not been occurrence of severe lightning activity. With coincidence of brightness temperature and LIS data, it was found that the clouds which had been temperature below 240 ° K, are more appropriate for lightning occurrence. There are two reasons that there is no lightning in these clouds. First, these clouds had been lightning activities, but it had not seen with LIS sensor because of short view time (about 90s). Second, these clouds in the upper levels had been adequate extension but in middle or low levels did not have adequate extension. If the second reason was true, the brightness temperature and reflectance data at the same time can be used to correct this problem. Therefore, with using brightness temperature and reflectance data we obtained better results. Thus, by applying the threshold of brightness temperature less than 240 degrees Kelvin and reflection more than 50%, the areas that had been deep convection and intense lightning, were identified. Also, the results showed that the regions that had been intense lightning activity, had been maximum rainfall.

Introduction: The term landslide comprises almost all varieties of mass movements on slopes, including some, such as rock falls, topples, and debris flows, that involve little or no true sliding (Varnes, 1984). Landslides are resulted the continuous spatial-temporal processes including some, hydrologic processes (rainfall, evaporation, ground waters), weight of vegetation, root resistance, soil condition, bedrock, topography, and anthropologies activity (Wu & Sidle, 1995). Since the landslide susceptibility maps dramatically improves land use planning, it can be efficient way to reduce losses of life and property caused by the landslide, so an important step in the management of landslide hazard to the safety of human lives, infrastructure development and environmental protection (Neuhauser & Terhorst, 2007: 12). So far for landslide susceptibility mapping using heuristic, deterministic, and statistical methods much has been researched. Heuristic method is a qualitive approach, which is based entirely on initial observations and expert knowledge, thus assigning values and weights are subjective and unrepeatable results (Gorsevski et al, 2006 Wati et al, 2010. ( On the other hand, deterministic methods is based on slope stability analysis and they are applicable only when ground conditions across the study area is relatively homogenous and types of landslides have been identified (Dahal et al, 2008 Gokceoglu & Aksoy, 1996(. The statistical methods are somewhat indirect and based on preliminary observations and expert knowledge and statistical calculations are weight or probability of landslide occurrence (Atkinson & Massari, 1998). Many studies have been done on statistical methods: Ahmadi et al. (1382), mass movements' hazard zonation studied by using multivariate regression analysis and analytical hierarchical process in Germichai Ardebil watershed. Analytical hierarchical process because of the many variables and normative classification compared to multivariate regression method, it preferred due to have greater accuracy and more important. Effective Factors on mentioned landslides included lithology, slope, land use, lineament elements, rainfall, aspect, and altitude. Yalcin (2008) prepared landslide susceptibility mapping of Ardsen area in Turkey, based on using geographical information system and applying analytical hierarchical process and bivariate statistical methods. For producing landslide susceptibility mapping was used from lithology, weathering, slope, aspect, vegetation, drainage density, and distance to drainage and road. It was determined in study area that lithology, weathering, land use, and slope were the most effective factors, respectively. Based on the obtained results, the analytical hierarchy process was introduced as the most appropriate model. Landslide vulnerability analysis was performed in northern Iran by Kelarestaghi and Ahmadi (2009). They applied density area method in weighting of effective parameter maps on landslides. Landslide hazard zonation map was reclassified to very low, low, moderate, high, and very high, respectively. The high and very high area approximately were 26 percent. The purpose of this research is landslide hazard zonation by using bivariate density area, certainty factors, and analytical hierarchy process models, in order to determine landslide hazard zonation and also selection of the most appropriate method zonation. Methodology The nine primary factors influencing landslide in the study area, including lithology, land use, slope, aspect, elevation, rainfall, distance to fault, distance to road, and drainage density were identified by interpretation of satellite imagery, aerial photography, and field studies. The used base map in this work including geological map at a scale of 1: 100, 000, aerial photographs on a scale of 1: 40, 000, topographical maps with a scale of 1: 50, 000, ETM +satellite images and precipitation (rain-gauge stations) were prepared by ArcGIS10. 2 software. The digital elevation model (DEM) with 30 meter multiplied by 30 meter pixel size was prepared by using topographic map 1: 50000. The distance to drainage and road was extracted by drainage and road networks from study area topographic map. The land use map was provided by including unsupervised classification ETM+ image satellite, field survey, and accuracy control. Also geologic map was prepared by digitizing and polygonize of rock units of geologic map 1: 100000 and using ArcGIS10. 2. Results and discussion The Vanak watershed is located in the political realm of Semirom administrate. The area watershed is 168547 hectares. It is located from 51 14 50 to 51 48 15 longitude and from 31 21 05 to 31 52 10 latitude geographic coordinate system. In this work, after preparing landslides inventory map, it was overlaid with effective parameters and were extracted landslide density of effective parameter classes. Then, weight of classes were calculated by certainty factor (Wcf), analytical hierarchy process (WAHP), and area density (WAD) as showed in tables 4 and 5. After calculating of weights and overlaying them, the landslide hazard zonation were provided by using from each operating of models as illustrated in figure 3 until figure 5. Conclusion The results of the models assessment showed that area density method by applying quality sum index (QS) is the highest value (0. 35), then certainty factor and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) are values of 0. 29 and 0. 11 in the next category, respectively. So the area density method has a better performance than the other methods in study area. A high value of qualify sum of area density indicates that the priorities of effective parameters were precisely. Results of effective parameters investigation show that landslide occurrence have a positive relationship with slope, altitude classes, rainfall, and drainage density and a negative relationship with distance to road and fault. Finally, after determining of factors weight, desired catchment classified into 5 classes from very low to very high by area density, certainty factor, and analytical hierarchy process models. The area of very high and high classes in area density, certainty factor, and analytical hierarchy process models are 67. 89, 70. 65, and 11. 93 per cents, respectively.

In this study, flood in 11 August 2001 in the Golestan province of Iran based on daily rainfall data and atmospheric data in a series of NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF data were examined. For this purpose, potential vorticity maps at isotherm levels of 330 and 320 k, circulation patterns at 1000, 850 and 500 levels, convergence of moisture flux at 850 level, instability indices and cloud cover were mapped and analyzed. The results showed that in this day with spell of the cold air from the stratosphere to the troposphere caused intensify of potential vorticity in the region, as well as along with penetration of high elevation of the north Caspian Sea and transferring the moisture from the sea level to northern parts and entry of low height of Ganges and Persian Gulf from the southern parts and inject moisture to the region with the retreat of the high elevation subtropical caused the instabilities and therefore extreme precipitation in this day has been provided.

After the Islamic revolution various politics for housing have presented to different social groups that one of the most widely of them is under the title of Mehr Housing from 2007. Housing politics' pragmatics quantitatively caused to the absolute increase at housing units of the country. So, the lack of attention to the spatial-local dimensions raised the economic-social consequences. The goal of this study was the spatial-local analysis of Mehr housing politics and the evaluation of its economic-social consequences. The method of the research was a compilation of surveys and library studies and used the questionnaire for collecting data. The validity of questionnaire was content and its stability attained by Cronbach Alpha 0/82. The participants were Mehr Housing Sites of Miyandoab County and 1548 families in these sites which were selected 230 families as sample size calculation by using of Kokaran formula and with presumptive sampling by drawing method. With using of network analysis model (NA) and with physical criteria, the environment was done the evaluation of location and the spatial analysis of Mehr sites and analyzed the economic-social consequences of locating sites with quantitative method. The results showed that Mehr Housing of Miyandoab County are located in unfavorable positions because of access to everyday needs of its residents ( proximity to urban services, user training, health, sport, leisure, … ) and also because of access to transportation and location( the location on valuable lands) that caused the negative economic-social consequences such as increasing the time and cost of daily travel and reduction in social communication of sites' residents and also reduction in sense of local belonging to housing.

Land use management, planning, studying and assessing the changes for receiving sustainable development are essential. The study area was part of the Ghara-su basin in the west of Golestan Province. This area, is located in the vast and fertile plains and its modest distance to the Caspian Sea, provides a privileged geographical position. This paper attempts to model the spread of residential areas from 1988 to 2010 with using of GEOMOD. It is also predicted land use change, though done using CA_MARKOV. Series of images captured by the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) in 1988 and 2010 were used to prepare the land cover map. The classification of satellite images was done through supervised classification and maximum likelihood. The accuracy of image classification was obtained through calculation of kappa coefficients for TM 1988 and 2010 at 0. 90 and 0. 88, respectively. The results of modeling show a decrease in forest and agricultural area. Results indicated that the urban and residential areas have been extended (3312. 99 ha). The urban growth in the region has mainly taken place around Gorgan, which can be associated with the pattern determined by the traffic-industry status. Identification of contributing factors to urban development through modeling, therefore, can play a key role in sustainable planning and appropriate management of resources in the future.

This study aimed measurement the farmer’ s vulnerability and readiness for facing with drought conditions in rural regions of Kashmar County. Applied research and survey method was used to collect data. The study population consisted of 8242 farmers in Kashmar County. Using Cochran formula and multi-stage sampling, 150 of them were selected as sample research. Data collection tool was a questionnaire which its validity was approved by agricultural extension and education specialists and Jihad-e-Keshawarzi experts in Kashmar County. Reliability was evaluated by conducting a pilot study and Cranach’ s alpha coefficient for different parts of questionnaire including damages and losses caused by drought and farmer’ s knowledge and awareness rate from methods and strategies to deal with the phenomenon of drought, respectively, were 0. 78 and 0. 84. The results showed that the most important of economic damages, respectively, were increasing the Forages prices in the region, increased production costs and reduce the amount of investment in production. The most important of social-psychological damages, respectively, were seasonal and permanent unemployment among farmers, family farmers migrate to other areas, and more dependent on the government and the most of environmental damages, respectively, were low level of groundwater, wells and aqueducts, dry surface and invasion of pests and diseases. There was a significant relationship between farming experience, age, number of family members, amount of agricultural activity income and level of facilities and equipment available to deal with drought respondents and their assessment of damages caused by the drought. Comparison of vulnerability levels showed that most of the damages were due to environmental damages and then is located economic and social-psychological damages.

1-Introduction Due to the increasing urban population, sprawl and horizontal growth of cities is inevitable. During the last half century, Horizontal growth of cities, that commonly called dispersion or sprawl growth, is taking place not only in developed countries but also in developing countries. Smart growth is used as a new model of urban planning, to manage the development process. Smart growth is a planned development in order to create higher density areas (compact urban form), integration activities and the development of the inner city, mixed use, walkable community development, reducing environmental pollution, increasing utility of public transport, accessing to urban services and the improvement of environmental quality. This model of urban planning, includes environmental, social and economic considerations and results sustainable development in urban areas. The results of the studies indicate that sprawl and horizontal growth of Tabriz has run its upward trend since 1335. Lack of planning and the right contraption to stop sprawl growth, can doubled many existing problems, including the destruction of agricultural lands, reduce environmental and infrastructure facilities, integration of village, physical disorders and etc. Therefore, with a comprehensive look of smart growth pattern, Tabriz city can be benefited from this approach to managing its development. 2-Methodology data collection method for studying, conclusions and determine the indexes and the core components of smart growth, is in the form of studying documents and libraries resources and also domestic and foreign research studies carried out in this field. Finally, access and communication, physical-land use, socio-economic and environmental issues are chosen as the main and dominant indicators for smart growth. Entropy and TOPSIS models are used to determine and analysis of smart growth set in each of the Municipality of Tabriz and Finally, each of Tabriz Municipality, have scored based on smart growth indexes. Finally, using documents and libraries resources, some of the components involved and effective in obtaining a high score were selected and analyzed and GIS and Isrisi software has been used to analyze, calculate and output the data. 3– Discussion Smart growth is a simple phrase, but it has a complex concept and includes a set of principles for land use and transportation that is at odds with the dispersion. Smart growth is a thought toward creating comprehensive and holistic community. According to Bullard, this movement is seeking to growth management through the creation of healthy communities, habitable and sustainable. Smart Growth emphasizes on access; while sprawl growth emphasizes on mobility (physical movement) and car rides. Smart growth decreases distances between activities and supports different patterns. Sprawl growth, resulting in longer trips but is faster by car, while smart growth will result in shorter and slower trips. As the comparison between the two models, smart growth pattern more benefits than sprawl growth pattern and can help better to improve the quality of life in cities. Smart growth indexes are discussing about land use diversity, the access and the quality of the environment in relation to population density; therefore, land use capita and contribution of each of them are considered. How the proportion of public and mixed uses, building density, green space and open space, sidewalks and other public programs in areas are bigger, shows that it is smarter. Smart Growth has special emphasize on the use of public transport, development of sidewalks, encourage and create parking lots, limiting the adverse impacts (noise, odor and traffic), reducing air pollution, according to communications and physical infrastructure, according to the distance home and work, work and leisure, economic vitality, preserving cultural and historical places, reducing water pollution, improve public health and access to services and education. Take a look at the development of the city of Tabriz in recent years and the high population, researchers have to do studies and researches, based on the principles of smart growth development of the city of Tabriz. In this research, Entropy and TOPSIS models are used to determine and analysis of smart growth set in each of the Municipality of Tabriz. 4– Conclusion The horizontal extension of cities that is called sprawling was being happened like a phenomenon in last fifty years in developed and developing countries. Smart growth of cities is one of the modern patterns of urban planning for organizing city developments and a reaction against the sprawl developing of cities. Smart growth affects the better using of lands and planning process on transportation. Renewed forming of cities, guiding them for having exponent community or desirable access to environment is strategy of smart growth of cities. The aim of this research is to study and evaluate the criteria of smart growth with using of different aspects like economic – social, environmental, physical and accessibility and the approach of this research is descriptive – analytical. In is order it is used quantitative models of planning, TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making methods for rank categories. The results show that the area1 in economic – social criteria, area3 in accessibility criteria, area2 in environmental criteria and area3 in physical criteria are the first priority in their categories. In the ultimate rank category area2 get the first priority and the area10 get the last priority. Due to the results zones are categorized in for groups: 1. Ultra-development areas: area 2 2. Development areas: area 1 3. Moiety development areas: area 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 4. None development areas: area 7, 10 Due to staying the area2 in the first priority, it is evaluated and showed the proximity in elements of quality to the standard parameters with GIS software.

Walk the oldest and most natural form of movement in the city. Humans can thus communicate with their environment and the social interactions and social vitality of towns is a result of it. Thus, according to development indicators walking in urban areas seems necessary. This study aims to evaluate the comparative development indicators in Tehran's walk. The research is descriptive and analytical survey method and questionnaire for citizens was used. The population of the study, all residents of the neighborhood Amirabad and up Tehran University, using a sample of 383 randomly selected examples. The writers for more accurate research results, the sample size has been increased to 400. Minitab16 statistical software for data analysis were used. The results show that the effective components for the development of walking, index, access, continuity of the route, uses diversity, social, security, environment, neighborhood, dynamism and charm and comfort in the neighborhood of Tehran University and the safety index Amirabad area is suitable.

Introduction Monitoring and prediction of hydrologic droughts and determining the onset and duration of drought spells have an important role in water resources management and planning to reduce the adverse effects of drought. In the present study the characteristics of hydrological drought in daily discharge time series from 20 hydrometric stations in Golestan Province have been analyzed. Matherials & Methods: In this study, the onset and end of drought periods, mean discharge, effective discharge and threshold level were calculated and then sequence number of 1 to 30-month durations were determined. According to the results of Power Laws Analysis, the intensity and duration patterns of hydrological drought periods were distinguished. The results specified an inverse relationship between the intensity and duration of wet and dry spells. The highest severity of dry spell is related to Nodeh station (Line slope=-0. 26) and the highest intensity of wet spell was observed in Ramian station (Line slope =-0. 28) which indicated the stability of dry and wet river flow regimes in Nodeh and Ramian stations. Also, the longest durations of dry and wet periods were determined for the Aghghala (32. 89) and Basirabad (16. 29) stations, respectively, which represents the average maximum probable durations. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The proximity, closeness to a straight line or parallel lines without intersection proved the homogeneity regime of wet-dry spells in the Gorganroud watershed. Analysis of wet-dry spells using the Power Laws technique provides a basis to determine the flow regime, severity and duration of hydrological drought.

The goal of this project is to explain and analyze the factors such as social-demographic, economic and physical in the spatial imbalance, concentration and the segregation of the city of Mahabad. The represented research has been done in the year of 2015 and its checking methodology is based on the descriptive-analytical method. In order to gather data, the field and documentary method have been utilized. The documentary data are extracted from the statistics center of Iran’ s detailed reports (2012), comprehensive (2012) and detailed plans (2014) of the city of Mahabad. Also to measure the monthly average of the families’ income of the various areas, the field model and survey distribution are utilized in this affair. First using the SAW model, the urban areas of the city of Mahabad ate rated and leveled the gap between the areas in the studied indicators is evaluated and measured using the Friedman test. Continually, the segregation indicators are used in the Geo-Segregation Analyzer software to measure and evaluate the spatial concentration and segregation. Ultimately, to measure every effect of each one of the social-demographic, economic and physical indicators on the spatial imbalance, the path analysis model is used. Results and conclusions firstly show an unfavorable development of the city of Mahabad. Also the results from the Friedman test, results from the segregation indicators, results from the path analysis model, guide us altogether that the issuing, care-needed and prioritized factor in the spatial structure of the city of Mahabad which has been the cause of the existence of gap, segregation and spatial concentration and also has the most effect on the spatial imbalance of the city of Mahabad is the physical factor and urban services and facilities in the top of them which requires a more attention to the urban management and urban planning in the affair of physical organizing.

Missing spatial approach in urban planning is one of the most important weaknesses which have been observed in urban settlements of Iran. Using quantitative methods in analyzing spatial distribution of urban land uses have been considered increasingly in recent years, which have been used and experienced throughout the world. Ripley’ s K function is a statistical method which examines and estimates the spatial distribution pattern of geographical features in specified area. Here in this article the first time this function is applied to evaluate and analyze trend of spatial development in Bojnord especially the form and quality of land use distribution. Methodologically this can be considered as an applied research which uses descriptive and analytical methods to achieve its goal. So, required data have been collected through studying formal documents, surveying existent planes and analyzing maps and other visual references to derive needed information. In ArcGIS the Multi-Distance Spatial Cluster Analysis (Ripley's K-function) tool determines whether a feature class is clustered at multiple different distances. Bojnord with about 200, 000 populations (2011) in the recent years has experienced a rapid and sudden growth in population and space. These changes lead to some problems in the urban area such as rising informal settlements around the city, wasting natural sources and lands and result in reduction of quality of life. In this study, the urban area divided into 26 separated zones which cover all over the city. These zones conform to the districts of municipality administration. The results show that beside the population, other observed data such as urban land uses (residential, cultural, green space etc. ) have no determined pattern and generally can be considered as random distribution. To prove the results of Ripley’ s K function in Bojnord and examine the efficiency of this index, the Moran’ s global coefficient also has applied to the same data. This method shows same results. Population in Bojnord is generally clustered especially in center of the city. Other observed data have no specific pattern and randomly distributed in the urban area. It is shown that the results of two method match with each other. So Ripley’ s K function can certainly be used to evaluate spatial distribution of geographical features and it can be considered as a quantitative method in urban and regional planning and spatial development.