THE STAGES OF SULUK FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF ATTAR AND SHABESTARI; BASED ON MANṭ IQ Uṭ-Ṭ AYR AND GULSHAN-I RAZ

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SHOAEI MALEK; HOSSEININIA SEYED MOHAMMADREZA; PAKZAD MEHRI

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Journal: Mytho-Mystic Literature Year:2018 | Volume:14 | Issue:51 Page(s): 169-205

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Title

THE STAGES OF SULUK FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF ATTAR AND SHABESTARI; BASED ON MANṭ IQ Uṭ-Ṭ AYR AND GULSHAN-I RAZ

Author(s)

SHOAEI MALEK | HOSSEININIA SEYED MOHAMMADREZA | PAKZAD MEHRI | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

MANṭQ2

IQ UṭQ2

-ṬQ1

AYRQ3

GULSHAN-I RAZQ2

THE STAGES OF SULUKQ2

UNITYQ2

Abstract

MANṭ; IQ Uṭ;-Ṭ; AYR (The Conference of the Birds) and GULSHAN-I RAZ (Rose Garden of Secrets), written about a century apart, are based on suluk (mystical journey). The authors of these two books consider mystical path (tariqat) as a difficult path; Farid ud-Din Attar in MANṭ; IQ Uṭ;-Ṭ; AYR calls it "valley" and Mahmud Shabestari in GULSHAN-I RAZ speaks about "obstacles". GULSHAN-I RAZ speaks about four obstacles to suluk and, in MANṭ; IQ Uṭ;-Ṭ; AYR, Attar believes in seven valleys: request, love, knowledge, detachment, UNITY, wonderment and finally poverty and annihilation. If THE STAGES OF SULUK put forth by these two mystics are analyzed based on seven valleys in MANṭ; IQ Uṭ;-Ṭ; AYR and forty stages of suluk (as mentioned by the Muslim mystics), it becomes clear that Shabestari puts forth "repentance" and not " request" as the first stage of suluk. In contrast to Attar, Shabestari proposes concepts for stages of "love" and "UNITY (tohid)" which are accompanied by shaṭ ḥ iyyā t and tamat (ecstatic sayings), but Attar considers wonderment as necessary for UNITY. The fourth valley in Attar’ s suluk, “ detachment” , like the stages of love (mohabbat), patience (sabr), exertion (jahd), worship (ibadat), and obedience to God (taslim), is not present in Shabestari’ s poetry. Similarly, the stages of piety (vara), sincerity (ikhlas), and saintship (vilayat) are present in Shabestari’ s poetry while they are nowhere to be seen in MANṭ; IQ Uṭ;-Ṭ; AYR. The two poets cite 27 common stages and both of them do not mention a number of stages. In this descriptive-analytical study, seven valleys of Attar and the forty stages of suluk, as basis of the research, are evaluated in MANṭ; IQ Uṭ;-Ṭ; AYR and GULSHAN-I RAZ, and common and controversial concepts and terms are outlined in them.

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APA: Copy

SHOAEI, MALEK, HOSSEININIA, SEYED MOHAMMADREZA, & PAKZAD, MEHRI. (2018). THE STAGES OF SULUK FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF ATTAR AND SHABESTARI; BASED ON MANṭ IQ Uṭ-Ṭ AYR AND GULSHAN-I RAZ. MYTHO-MYSTIC LITERATURE JOURNAL (PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE JOURNAL), 14(51 ), 169-205. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/139541/en

Vancouver: Copy

SHOAEI MALEK, HOSSEININIA SEYED MOHAMMADREZA, PAKZAD MEHRI. THE STAGES OF SULUK FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF ATTAR AND SHABESTARI; BASED ON MANṭ IQ Uṭ-Ṭ AYR AND GULSHAN-I RAZ. MYTHO-MYSTIC LITERATURE JOURNAL (PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE JOURNAL)[Internet]. 2018;14(51 ):169-205. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/139541/en

IEEE: Copy

MALEK SHOAEI, SEYED MOHAMMADREZA HOSSEININIA, and MEHRI PAKZAD, “THE STAGES OF SULUK FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF ATTAR AND SHABESTARI; BASED ON MANṭ IQ Uṭ-Ṭ AYR AND GULSHAN-I RAZ,” MYTHO-MYSTIC LITERATURE JOURNAL (PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE JOURNAL), vol. 14, no. 51 , pp. 169–205, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/139541/en

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