Kinematic and psychological analysis of the effect of feedback on learning to throw darts: Confirmatory or corrective feedback?

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Ghodusi Tabar Mohammad

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Journal Paper

Paper Information

Journal: Functional Research in Sport Psychology Year:2025 | Volume:2 | Issue:2 Page(s): 65-84

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Information Journal Paper

Title

Kinematic and psychological analysis of the effect of feedback on learning to throw darts: Confirmatory or corrective feedback?

Author(s)

Ghodusi Tabar Mohammad | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

Cognitive Feedback

Approach Sandwich

Motor Learning

Dart Throw

Abstract

Objective: This study examines the differential effects of confirmatory and corrective feedback on dart-throwing performance through kinematic and psychological analysis. Method: Sixty novice participants were randomly assigned to receive either confirmatory feedback (reinforcing correct movements), corrective feedback (identifying errors), or no feedback during a structured training protocol. Using 3D motion capture technology, we analyzed joint coordination patterns, release velocities, and movement variability alongside accuracy scores and self-reported confidence measures.Results: Results revealed distinct advantages for each feedback type: corrective feedback significantly improved movement mechanics, particularly in shoulder-elbow coordination (p < 0.001), while confirmatory feedback enhanced both accuracy retention (22% higher than corrective) and psychological factors like self-efficacy. Kinematic analysis showed corrective feedback reduced joint variability by 35% during acquisition, whereas confirmatory feedback produced more consistent release velocities in retention tests (SD = 46.8 m/s vs. 104.6 m/s for corrective). The psychological measures demonstrated that confirmatory feedback maintained higher motivation levels throughout training.Conclusions: These findings suggest that while corrective feedback optimizes biomechanical efficiency, confirmatory feedback better supports performance stability and psychological engagement. The study challenges the assumption of a universal optimal feedback approach, instead proposing context-dependent application: corrective feedback for technical refinement and confirmatory feedback for competitive performance situations. These results have important implications for designing targeted training programs in both athletic and rehabilitation settings, emphasizing the need to consider both physical and psychological dimensions when delivering performance feedback.

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