(( Structural review in Khaghani’ s odes based on Lich’ s linguistic pattern ))

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Reazaian Abolghasem; MAHOOZI MAHDI

Title

(( Structural review in Khaghani’ s odes based on Lich’ s linguistic pattern ))

Author(s)

Reazaian Abolghasem | MAHOOZI MAHDI | Issue Writer Certificate

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Abstract

1-Introduction First Shaklovovsky introduced the concept and term for familiarization in his treatise, "Art as a Context", in 1917 (Mortazai, 2010: 35). Following him, Yakobson and Tininov described this concept as "alienation" (Ahmadi, 1993: 47). G. N. leech expresses the other angle of this view during the thematic classification. He considers reducing rule as a deviation from the norms of the normative language, and in a simpler sense, states that the poet creates his own poem by decreasing the rules used in his own language. Leech believes that highlighting can be done in two ways. One is a normative which is the violation of the rules governing the normative language, and another is increasing rule that adds rules to the rules of the Normative language (Sujudi, 2008: 18). But from the perspective of Leech, normative and increasing rule function some limitations. He believes that normative can only go as far as it doesn’ t cause disturbance in communication (ibid. ). Badil-ibn Ali Khaqani Sharwani was one of the first poets and the prominent Persian poetess of the Persian language (520-595 AH). Khaqani seems to have used all the language tools to promote his words so that his poetry shines on top of the literature. 2-Research Methodology In the present study, through descriptive-analytic method, in the framework of the school of constructivism and based on the Normative pattern of Leech, we examined various types of normative in Khaqani's poetry. 3-Discuss: 1-3 Structural critique Structuralism first began with study of the structure of language. The scholars of this school believed that language was a social building, and that any culture would transform the narratives or texts to reach the semantic structures, and in this way, people could shape their own experiences. In other words, structuralism is looking for a way to describe the internal link through which meaning is created in a culture. If we want to return to the beginning of the history of structuralism, undoubtedly we should consider the most original beginning text of it, “ Boutiqa “ theory or Aristotle's Poetics or Aristotle poetry or Horus's poetry essay. When Aristotle says, "in the order of necessity, there are six elements in tragedy, that tragedy compounded of them, and its nature are obtained of these six elements" (Aristotle, 1369: 37). 2-3 Concept of construction and its history in Persian literature It can be said that "the construct is a set of interactions of the components of a whole with each other such that each unit has the greatest role in relation to the other components" (Shafieikadkani, 1366: 10). 3-3 Structural features of literary work The structural characteristics of literary works can be considered at three levels of cohesion, harmony, and luminosity. 4-Analysis of the levels 1-4 Normalization of lexical language This kind of normative is done in two ways of making strange vocabulary and sounds of meaningless vocabulary. This kind of normative has its first effect on meaning "(Sadegh Shahpar and Mahdinezhad, 2013: 56). Khaqani has used the two words "inside" and "outside" in the following words: Until you are like a mirror from inside dark and from out bright and you have such an attribute, don’ t brag honesty (Khaqani, 1368: 1) 2-4 Syntactic normative Ignoring some of the syntactic rules governing the normative language, such as the discrepancy between the verb and the subject, creates a syntactic normative. Kaqani has used this over language technique in his own odes. For example: If my breath would not follow me habitually, when I understood that I suppressed it. (Khaqani, 1368: 210) Normal syntax of speech: 4-3 Phonetic Normative In this kind of normative, "the poet changes the phonetic forms of vocabulary, which is not common in the normative language" (Safavi, 2004: 49). In the Khaqani’ s Divan, the phonological normality has only been reduced to a phoneme. Example: navard (Khaghani, 1368: 24) instead of nayavard. 4-4 Writing Normalization There is only in the contemporary modern poets poems. 4-5 Normative of the dialect In this kind of normative, "the poet terminates in some idioms of a language or dialect other than the norm language, which makes the reader more familiar with the space and place of poetry and poetry, and creates intimacy that normal language words may not be able to" (Sangari, 1381: 79). Khaqani, for example, has used Turkish words and phrases in his own words: Tamghaj Khan (Turkish name): Keykhosrow was the leader of his people, Tamuqaj Khan destroyed the cities (Khaqani, 1368: 137) 6-4 Lightness Normative (stylistic) Lightness normative is not seen in ancient Persian poetry. 7-4 semantic escape norm Leech believes that defamiliarization occurs in the realm of meaning (Beigzadeh and Eibakabadi, 1396: 232). The domain of meaning as the most inflexible level of language is used in literary highlighting by poets more than other levels. In the following is mentioned a sample of these industries in Khaqani's odes. A) Opacity: Opacity is one of the characteristics of Khaghani poetry: The time is like a butcher who has raised his knife to bloodshot, the lamb and the balance are available to separate the fat and dry. (Khaqani, 1375: 62) Here, the mind means the lamb and the balance, but the purpose of the scale is Libra that it is in front of the ship (lamb). B) Paradox: Oh beloved, give a fiery kiss from the lips like Amber (Khaqani: 1375: 113) C) Allusion: When you come to love very close that you stay away from your human traits from the east to the west. (Ibid: 1) D) Symmetry: My day is black like the black dress of monks and every night inside of this dark prison, I'm busy praying and moaning like monks. (Ibid: 24) E) Metaphor: Indigo uniform is metaphor of the color of the sky. Lohrasb split the head of Goshtasb, Zal, the father of Rustam, sat down on the throne of the kingdom (Ibid: 145) Khaqani also frequently uses the diagnostic industry: The heart belongs to the high world, which does not have a terrestrial possession (Ibid: 3) Z) Innuendo: And because you are self-centered like an Asian rock, that's why you're guilty (Ibid: 1) A fiery tongue is innuendo of having a bitterness tongue. 4-8 Normative at a time In this kind of normative, the poet escapes from the time type of the Normative language and uses the vocabulary and ancient syntactic constructs (Pahlavan-Nejad and Zaheri-Birigani, 2009: 118). It is not possible to judge this kind of Normative in the Khaqani’ s court, and perhaps most of the vocabulary that is considered in his odes was common in his daytime language and literature. The word “ Khanvar” is this kind of normative that means "bowl" in this bit: Now that life and opportunity of life have been lost, in this short time you will not find a bag. (Khaqani, 1368: : 211) 5-Conclusion Khaghani is one of the oldest ancient poets whose poems has a special prominence and diagnostic. These prominences are the result of his ingenious, mastery, and creative departure from the ordinary level of language. Using the Leech pattern in looking up Khaqani's language techniques, It was found that out of the eight linguistic abnormalities, three cases, the lexical anomalies, syntactically and semantically, have the highest frequency and the stylistic feature of this great poet is in this two aspects.

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APA: Copy

Reazaian, Abolghasem, & MAHOOZI, MAHDI. (2018). (( Structural review in Khaghani’ s odes based on Lich’ s linguistic pattern )). JOURNAL OF LYRICAL LITERATURE RESEARCHES (JOURNAL OF PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE), 16(30 ), 91-106. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/381704/en

Vancouver: Copy

Reazaian Abolghasem, MAHOOZI MAHDI. (( Structural review in Khaghani’ s odes based on Lich’ s linguistic pattern )). JOURNAL OF LYRICAL LITERATURE RESEARCHES (JOURNAL OF PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE)[Internet]. 2018;16(30 ):91-106. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/381704/en

IEEE: Copy

Abolghasem Reazaian, and MAHDI MAHOOZI, “(( Structural review in Khaghani’ s odes based on Lich’ s linguistic pattern )),” JOURNAL OF LYRICAL LITERATURE RESEARCHES (JOURNAL OF PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE), vol. 16, no. 30 , pp. 91–106, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/381704/en

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ISSN: 2588-4824

Journal Paper

(( Structural review in Khaghani’ s odes based on Lich’ s linguistic pattern ))