Considering the environmental problems due to the usage of chemical herbicides, to control the weeds we can increase soil temperature by mulching. This research was conducted in Fasa in 2020. The experiment was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications.The first factor was four varieties of weeds including Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Portulaca oleracea and Plantago lancoelata and the second factor was duration of mulching cover in 3 treatments including control, 20 and 40 days. After the periods of plastic mulching, the seeds were taken out of the soil depth and were examined based on standardized germination test. The results showed that the percentage and rate germination seeds, vigor and alpha and beta amylase decreased with the plastic mulching was used. 40 days of plastic mulching caused a reduction in germination speed comparing to the treatment which had no plastic mulching. By increasing the duration of the usage of mulching, the electric conduction of seeds showed an increase applying plastic mulching for forty days caused a decrease in seedling growth comparing to the treatment. The highest decrease in germination and seed vigor among the weeds was observed in Chenopodium album on the other hand plastic mulching treatment couldn't affect the germination in Plantago lancoelata. Overall, the results of this study showed that the parameters related to seed germination in different weed species was different based on the time of sun exposure under plastic mulch; So that solarization for 40 days is recommended to control weeds.

This research was conducted in two trials. In the first trials, ME (AME, AMEn, TME & TMEn) values of hull - less barley and corn were determined by using 18 mature Leghorn roosters. In the second trials, 315 one - day old broiler chicks in a completely randomized deoign were devided in 7 treatments and fed with 7 diet that contained 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 & 30 percent. of hull - less barley during 8 weeks .The results of Sibbaled test showed that ME hull - less barley and corn statistically are different (P<0.05) and ME of hull - less barely is between wheat and corn. Based as chemical analysis of several kind of hull - less barley, the crude fiber of this crop is in lowest level. Using hull - less barley in broiler diets caused any different in growth rate of broiler (P<0.05). The FRC in different treatment didn't change considerably but Abdominal fat and Panceras percentage of broilers were different (P<0.05).

This experiment was conducted on 1998 in research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran in order to study the effect of intercropping maize (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) on controlling weeds. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 replications with 9 treatments including: unwedded sole crop of maize (MC), sole crop of maize with one time weeding (MW1), sole crop of maize with two times weeding (MW2), intercropping of, 100% maize + 50 %bean (MB50). 100% maize + 30% bean (MB30), 100% maize + 10% bean (MB10), 75% maize + 25% bean (M75B25), 50%, maize + 50% bean (M50B50) and sole crop of bean (B). Total dry matter of each species and weeds was measured and land equivalent ration (LER) was calculated. The results showed that weeding increased the biological and grain yield of maize (a=0.01). The intercropping did not have significant effect on above characteristics.However, the intercropping has significant effect on biological and grain yield of bean. LER for MB50 and MB30 was 1.41 and 1.16 respectively.It was observed that intercropping of 100%maize + 50% bean (MB50) reduced dry weight of amaranthus sp. and Solanum nigrum and also had maximum effect on dry matter of weeds.

Multiculture cropping plants instead of continues monoculture of one or several crops and pest management, are the two very important aspects of sustainable agriculture today. One of the most effective methods of weed control is the use of rapidly growing plants accompanied by row crops that is valued in protecting the nature from destructive effects of herbicides. Therefore, this study was conducted in Farm Research, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran in 1998. To determine the role of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in controlling weeds of maize (Zea mays L.). Experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications and nine treatments including unweeded sole crop of maize (MC), sole crop of maize with one time weeding (MW1), sole crop of maize with two times weeding (MW2), intercropping of 100% maize + 50% bean (MB50), 100% maize + 30% bean (MB30), 100% maize + 10 % bean (MB10), 75% maize + 25% bean (M75B25), 50% maize + 50% bean (M50B50) and sole crop of bean (B). During the growing season in two week intervals and at harvest time, dry matter and leaf area of two crops and dry matter of each weed species were measured. Results indicated that weeding increased the biological yield of maize, but intercropping had no effect on this character. Intercropping of 100% maize + 50% bean (MB50) among often intercropping treatments had a maximum effect on weed dry matter. This treatment (MB50) reduced to the dry matter of Amaranthus sp. and Solanum nigrum L. as compared with the unweeded sole crop of maize (MC). Weeding increased the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of maize but there were no differences among the intercropping treatments, and as the density of bean was increased in intercropping, the Leaf Area Index of bean increased overall, the rate of bean leaf area expanding was determinant success in intercropping under weed conditions.