Background: Mentally retarded children are children who differ from normal children in at least one area of mental characteristics, sensory abilities, communication skills, social behavior, and physical characteristics. Objective: The aim of this study was to the effectiveness of Fordyce Happiness Education on resilience and psychological well-being of parents with mentally retarded children. Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a one-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the study included all parents with children with mental disabilities in Gonbad Kavous. 30 parents with children with mental disabilities were assigned to the experimental and control groups by voluntary sampling method (15 parents in each group). The experimental group underwent Fordyce Happiness training for 8 sessions of 90 minutes for two months. In this study, Connor and Davison (2003) Resilience Questionnaire and Reef Psychological Welfare Questionnaire (1988) were used. The data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that Fordyce happiness training has a significant effect on resilience and psychological well-being of parents with mentally retarded children. Thus, Fordyce Happiness Education has been able to increase resilience and improve the psychological well-being of these parents. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, Fordyce happiness training by using the technique of expressing emotions, avoiding worrying thoughts, living and getting acquainted with a healthy personality and parenting competency training can be an effective way to increase resilience and well-being. Psychology of parents with mentally retarded children.

Objectives: The present study was carried out to evaluate the predictive value of parental quality of life on abusive behavior with children. Method: This study investigated the life quality of the parents of 38 abused boys detected in the second grade of secondary schools of selected areas of Tehran. The results were compared with students matched for age and area of residency, without recent suffering of child abuse. Results: The findings revealed a lower quality of life of the parents of abused subjects at significant level in contrast to the control group. Comparison of the profiles of the two groups revealed lower physical health, individuation, marital discourse, parent-child relationship, job satisfaction, artistic-creative behavior and leisure time activity in the parents of abused children. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that the scores of marital discourse and artistic-creative behavior scales can successfully predict the variations of abusive scores. The mentioned scales showed significant effect on abusive scores in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The quality of parents marital discourse and artistic-creative behavior have the greatest predictive value for parents abusive behavior.

Seed and seedlings of several populations of Lolium rigidum were treated by 0.2% colchicine solution for 4 hours. The treated seeds and seedlings were washed by distilled water and transplanted in Jiffy pots. Some seeds were sown and studied cytogeneticaly and morphologicaly during second year. Seed was collected from the individual plants after completing the growing period. A number of seeds from the individual plants were cytogenetically investigated for the number of chromosomes and karyotypic characteristics. Seed was collected from the definitely proved polyploid genotypes. A number of seeds from each of the mentioned plants were sown in a randomized complete block design along with several other diploid and polyploid populations of Lolium species for studding morphological characteristics. The treated plants showed various effects for morphological characters, in which, multi-branchless of inflorescences was the main one. Progenies of several plants were proved to be autotetraploid. Several forms of anioploidies were also observed. The tetraploids were morphologically different from their parental diploid population.

Child abuse is a common problem in developing countries, which has negative physical and emotional effects. The purpose of this study was to determine parental attitude of female high school students about childrearing and effect of teaching about normal growth and development on negative parental attitude. The study had a cross-sectional and an experimental part. In stage one, 472 female high school students completed the adolescent parental attitude questionnaire. In stage two, 40 students, who had negative parental attitude, were randomly selected and equally divided into two groups: experimental and control. Experimental group participated in a four session teaching course during two weeks. Control group received no intervention. After two months, both groups completed the same questionnaire as a post-test. Data was analyzed by T- test. Our results showed that prevalence of negative parental attitude was 6.3%, neutral parental attitude was 83.4% and positive parental attitude was 12.8%. Also there was significant difference in posttest between two groups.It was concluded that teaching about normal growth and development can improve negative parental attitude in female high school students.

The objective of this research was to study the genetic variation for total dry matter yield and three quality characteristics: digestible organic matter in dry matter (DOMD), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein content (CP) in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) under spaced plants and swards conditions. A polycross nursery containing 24 genotypes were established. Prior to planting, each parent was vegetatively propagated to give 8 clones. At harvest, seeds of propagated clones of each genotype was combined. Both seed of half sib families and their clone propagated parents were grown as spaced plants and sward over two years. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) was used to estimate the quality parameters. The broad sense heritability estimates (h2b) were relatively high for quality traits (h2b= 0.48-0.80), but moderate for dry matter yield (h2b= 0.25-0.49). Narrow sense heritability (h2n), was low for dry matter yield (h2n=0.03-0.26)and high for quality traits (h2n=0.03-0.92). Genetic analysis indicated that non-additive genetic variance was the major component controlling DM yield, while, additive genetic variance was more significant for quality traits. The genotypic correlation of DOMO and WSC was significantly positive, while the relationship of CP with WSC was significantly negative. These results were consistent over two years. None of the phenotypic or genotypic correlation estimates of DOMD and CP were significant. OM yield and DOMD were negatively correlated under swards. The genetic correlation of DM yield with WSC was positive, however, its relationship with CP was negative.

Most studies examining the impact of violence in TV programs on children"s behavior are based on the stimulus (scenes oiViolence on TV) and response (child behavior). The studies are mainly inspired by the theories of mass society and of magic ballets, which hold that watching violence on TV leads to violent behavior among children. Focusing on the theory of structural functionalism, the present study examines other factors, such as socio-economic status, and parent"s behavior toward children as processes mediating between watching TV violence and children"s behavior in Iran. It also examines the role of these factors in the extent and intensity of the impact of TV violence on children belonging to different socio-economic statuses and parent styles.