Recruitment of sport event volunteers is one of the important challenges for sport event managers, so most of studies to be focused on relationship between motivations and volunteer recruitment management. Therefore, the Purpose of this study was to assess motivations and organizational commitment of sport event volunteers to recruitment and retention of volunteers. The method applied in this research was descriptive–correlation. The statistical population consisted of Sport Volunteers at the 10th Iranian Universities Sport Olympiad in Summer 2010. Because of low statistical population as the sample population was considered (N=n). The research instruments were the "demographic questionnaire" and "sport volunteer motivations questionnaire" (Andam et al, 2009) comprised 37 items and "organizational commitment questionnaire" (Allen and Meyer, 1997) comprised 18 items. The content and face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by expert university panel. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the questionnaires in pilot study. The reliability of sport volunteer motivations questionnaire and organizational commitment questionnaire were 0.912 and 0.917 respectively. Method of data analysis and research, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics to used SPSS software package was helping. Because the distribution of variables weren't normal, the research hypothesizes were analyzed by Spearman correlation and Friedman test. The result showed that purposive factor was the most important motivation (4.02±0.57), and material factor was the least important volunteer motivation (3.02±0.75), and also normative commitment and continuance commitment were the most important and the least important volunteer commitment respectively. Furthermore, there was significant correlation between most of motivational and commitment factors (p<0.05). This study suggested that sport events managers to performed better recruitment and retention strategies must to pay attention to priority of motivational and organizational commitment factors, and to designed themselves activity to consideration of relationship between these factors.

This study explores the motivational components within teacher rating systems and their impact on professional growth motivation. Employing a systematic review approach, it investigates texts pertaining to teacher rating systems, motivation, and professional development literature. By examining various texts and research findings on teacher motivation, factors influencing teacher ratings based on general, specialized, and professional competencies, as well as experience, are identified. Drawing parallels with Herzberg's motivational theory, this study provides recommendations to bolster teacher motivation and job satisfaction through improvements in the rating system.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of constraint dimensions on motivation. The self-determination theory and the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were used as the theoretical framework. Two hundred and fourteen (N=214) adult individuals (residents of the city of Isfahan), who reported participation in some type of sport and physical activity, completed the Sport Motivation Scale and the leisure constraints questionnaire. For investigating relationship between constraints and motivation, a multiple regression analysis was performed with motivation dimensions (intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation) as the dependent variable and the seven constraint dimensions as the independent variables. The relationship between motivation dimensions (intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation) and Frequency of Participation, investigated with multiple analysis of variance. The results indicated that individual/psychological and accessibility constraints accounted for 21% of the variance in amotivation. Lack of interest, lack of knowledge, accessibility constraints accounted for 17% of the variance in extrinsic motivation. Lack of interest accounted for 12% of the variance in intrinsic motivation. These results suggest that intrapersonal constraints influenced motivation. They support elements of the hierarchical model of leisure constraints, and further clarify the role of motivation in the model. Finally, they suggest that future research should focus on the conceptualization of intrapersonal constraints, and their relations with other social and psychological mediators of motivation that have been proposed in the literature.

Justice as a basic necessity of social life, plays a critical role in administration of sport teams and sport organization. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between Perceived Organizational Justice in Collegiate Sport Teams and Sport Achievement Motivation. In this descriptive – correlative study, 102 student athletes (56 males, 46 females) who were selected as statistical sample from Northern Khorasan and Razavi Khorasan provinces responded to Organizational Justice Questionnaire developed by Niehoff & Moorman (1993) and sport achievement motivation Questionnaire developed by Gill et al. (1983). Conducting correlation coefficient for data analysis revealed that perceived organization justice and its subscales significantly correlated to sport achievement motivation in collegiate sport teams. Moreover, the results of the stepwise regression revealed that, among perceived organization justice subscales, interactional justice was the strongest predictor of sport achievement motivation.

The aim of present study was to investigate the interactional view of achievement motivation via the influences of competitiveness and type of sport. 640 high school students sampled randomly for this study. Competitive students were selected from the formal competitions in group,double and individual sports whereas noncompeptitive students that were selected in the local sport centers who participated in informal recreational sports. Factorial MANOVA results showed that there are significant main effects for competitiveness (F=7.28,P<0.01), and type of sport (F=1.96,P<0.05) and significant interaction of sport and group (F=2.5,P<0.05). In conclusion, achievement behavior in sport affected by personal-situational factors, and these findings support the interactional view of achievement motivation.

In the past 10 years, the amount of research conducted on psychological aspects of sport injury has been increasing. The purpose of this study was to predict the burnout according to the self-determined motivation in Iranian elite handball players before and after the injury. The subjects were 28 injured elite handball players who did not participate in competitions for 4 weeks due to their injuries. Participants completed Sport Motivation Scale (Pelletier et al., 1999) and an athletic burnout questionnaire (Raedeke & Smith, 2001) at the beginning of the competitive season. Paired-sample t test, Pearson correlation coefficient and Multiple regression test were used to analyze the data (P<0.05). The results demonstrated a significant relationship between motivation and burnout. There was a significant negative relationship between intrinsic motivation (P<0.000, r= -0.870) and extrinsic motivation (P<0.000, r= -0.706) with burnout. Besides, there was a significant positive relationship between amotivation and burnout (P<0.0001, r=0.878). Moreover, multiple regression to predict burnout revealed a linear relationship between motivation subscales and burnout (motivation: R2 = 0.816, intrinsic, M: R2=0.757, extrinsic: M: R2=0.499, amotivation: R2=0771). Results revealed a relationship between motivation subscales and burnout after sport injuries, i. e. it is possible to predict the athletes’ burnout by the motivation subscales. Therefore, it is critical to pay attention to the role of important motivation subscales in the recovery period and to return to sport and it is useful to pay attention to the athletes’ behaviors and attitudes for their recovery and rehabilitation.

The main objective of this research was to evaluate reliability and validity of Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athlestes (Rest Q-Sport). Professional and semi-professional athletes of handball and basketball constitute statistical population of current work. Some 510 athletes were chosen in random as statistical samples. Measurement tool used was a Rest Q-Sport comprised of 76 questions with 19 sub scales (general stress, emotional stress, social stress, struggle/strain, fatigue, energy deficiency, physical problems, success, social recovery, physical recovery, general health, sleep quality, impaired relaxation, emotional fatigue, injury, physical fitness, personal problems, self-efficacy, self-regulation). The scoring method was based on a 5-choiced Likert scale. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was verified after being translated by expert professors of physical exercise. Statistical methods applied were descriptive indexes for description of data, Cronbach’s alpha for reliability assessment, confirmatory factor analysis, and t individual samples for studying difference with average values. Research findings were indicative of a=0.98 reliability for Rest Q-Sport. All questions showed significant relations with the factor in terms of structure validity and based on the extent of relations and T-values. Indexes of x2/df=2.03, RMSEA=0.052, NFI=0.97, NNFI=0.93, IFI=0.98, RFI=0.91, GFI=0.93, AGFI=0.90 also demonstrated fitness of the model altogether. Moreover, regarding the relation between factors and concept of improved stress for athletes, the obtained results indicated that all factors were able to predict the concept of improved stress well. Therefore, internal and external validities of the model “improved stress for athletes” were confirmed as well.

The present research aims at studying the relationship between sport perfectionism and achievement motivation with sport success. The population were including of all athletes participating in 1-st Division League of Kabaddi, from which 144 people were selected randomly as sample. This was a descriptive correlational research. The result of correlation test indicates that there is a significant positive correlation between positive perfectionism and achievement motivation with sport success, and there was significant negative correlation between negative dimensions of perfectionism and sport success. The regression analysis also showed that perfectionism explained 51% and achievement motivation explained 48% of variance in sport success. Finally, it can be said that motivation as a progressive force can be effective in achieving high performance, and the athlete always needs to maintain proper levels of perfectionism in order to be successful.