In this study, the optical-electrical properties and photoelectrochemical conversion efficiency of a bifacial sensitized solar cell containing of Polyaniline (PANI) deposited on TiO2 nanostructured film have been investigated. The PANI-based counter electrode was prepared by polymerization of aniline with an acid catalyst, while TiO2 film, as a photo-anode, was prepared at low temperature by the sol-gel chemical route and dip-coating process. The transparency of the prepared cell makes it possible to excite a higher density of color molecules through photochemical processes due to light exposure from both sides. Also due to the high light scattering by TiO2-corallike nanostructures and the high surface area of PANI nanofibers, it is expected that more electron transfer occurs between layers. These factors led to an increase in the conversion efficiency of the prepared cell in the presence of ruthenium-based molecules based on the N719 dye up to 22. 8%, which is more appropriate than that of a similar cell made with platinum electrodes (with a yield of 7. 75%). The low cost of manufacturing and the high optical transmission of up to 71% in the visible light region allow the use of PANI and TiO2 electrodes with special morphology to produce bifacial solar cells in an industrial scale.

In this study, the Khazar variety has been used. The statical analysis was carried out using factorial experiment by Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The factors were initial moisture content of paddy in two level (%16.3± 0.7 and %20.5± 1.5 in wet basis) and drying method in three level (one, two and three pass drying). The percentage of brown rice, head rice, broken rice and drying time were analyzed. In the first year, paddy with moisture content %19.6, the single pass drying had %39.3 head rice (minimum amount) and three pass with %42.9 had maximum head rice. The maximum head rice was obtained with the two and three pass methods, and the minimum percent of head rice was associated with the single pass method in paddy with moisture content %15.70. The result of second year showed that multi pass (three) drying with %56.6 maximum and single pass with %52.7 minimum amout of head rice were obtained when moisture content paddy was %21.80. The minimum and maximum head rice were obtained in single and three pass drying method with %52.5 and %55.8 respectively for initial moisture content of paddy %16.20. The result of this study showed that drying procedure was not significant on milling yield. The multi pass procedure is more efficient and economic because the dryer is used only when the kernel surfaces are relatively moist, as a result of tempering. In conclusion for Khazar variety with moisture content of %19.0-%22, three pass is a appropriate method and with moisture content of %15.5-%17.0, the method of two pass drying is recommended.

Production of hydrogen through photoelectrochemical water splitting using a semiconductor is a promising method for production of clean and renewable energy. Cu2O is a positive semiconductor that its conduction band position is suitable for photoelectrochemical reduction of water. In this study, Cu2O was synthesized using electrochemical deposition and it was heat treated at 450 ° C for 30 min to obtain two layer Cu2O-CuO and improve its photoelectrochemical property. Oxidation of Cu2O resulted in two layer Cu2O-CuO. The x-ray pattern of the electrodeposited layer showed a pure Cu2O layer. Scanning electron microscopy showed a microstructure change after heat treatment and the particle size was in nanometer scale. Photocurrent density was measured using linear sweep voltammetry under chopped illumination and it was concluded that the photocurrent density of the heat treated sample at 450 ° C was increased to 731 μ A. cm-2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at constant potential and frequency range of 0. 1-105 Hz and also at fixed frequency and potential range of-0. 3V up to 0. 5V was performed to study charge transfer characteristic of the photocathode and to determine the flat band potential and carrier density. Carrier density of Cu2O and Cu2O-CuO was determined to be 1. 3×1018 cm-3 and 3. 05×1018 cm-3, respectively and the flat bend potential of Cu2O and Cu2O-CuO was determined to be 0. 19V and 0. 23V, respectively.

Red phosphorus nanoparticles were synthesized on the surface of the silicon solar cell by PVD technique (condensation on the cell surface from the vapor phase). The red phosphorous deposition on the surface of the cells was repeated several times with different thicknesses of the phosphorous layer, and after each deposition procedure, the efficiency of the silicon solar cell was measured. The obtained results demonstrated that after the deposition of 340 nm of phosphorous, the efficiency of the cell increased from 5.86 to 7.08, and about a 21% relative increase in efficiency was achieved. Moreover, the layers' absorption spectra and photoluminescence spectrum show that red phosphorus nanoparticles absorbed UV light and emitted visible light in addition to UV. In other words, the phosphorous layer has shifted the UV light to the visible light wavelength. In this research, a monocrystalline silicon solar cell was used to increase efficiency, and amorphous red phosphorus was deposited on the surface of the silicon solar cell by the PVD technique. In addition, to perform optical spectroscopy, a glass slide was placed next to the cells in each deposition step. The results of optical spectroscopy of phosphorous layers also showed that the amount of UV light transmission in the sample with a 340 nm phosphorous layer is lower than the sample with a 50 nm phosphorous layer. And vice versa, the amount of UV light absorption is higher, in other words, thicker phosphorous layers pass UV light less and absorb it more.

Investors usually are challenged in an environment marked by uncertainty caused by the financial markets operation. Therefore, it is essential that information to investors in the field of financial risk and return and correlation is to take advantage of the opportunities available. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the returns on financial assets pairs (gold coins, dollar, and stock) using the new approach of Hilbert-Huang transform in the period from 25/03 / 2001-21/12/2015. The results of this study show that correlation is not constant over time. During the 25/03/2001-22/9/2013 period between two sets of coins and dollar, coin is the leading factor; between coins and stock, again the coin is the leading factor; however, between the dollar and stocks, the dollar has been the leading factor. And in the period 23/09/2013-21/12/2015 between two sets of coins and dollar, dollar was a leader; between the coins and stocks, the leading factor was the stock; and between the dollar and stocks, the dollar has been the leading factor.