Introduction: The effect of different facial emotions (i.e., happiness, sadness, fear and anger…) on face recognition memory has been studied in different researches, but there is controversy in findings of these studies. Therefore, we conducted this study to evaluate the effect of facial emotions on face recognition memory.Method: 45 normal adults (23 men) with normal memory aged between 18 and 35 years participated in this study. A computerized task using happy, neutral and sad faces was designed to evaluate the emotional face memory performance of participants. Data were extracted using the MATLAB (2015b) and then were imported to SPSS16.0. The repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze the difference among the different facial emotions in terms of percentage of correct response, and correct/incorrect response times.Results: There was a significant difference among the three expressed facial emotions with a significant decrease in recalling happy faces compared to sad and neutral ones (P<0.05). No difference was found among the different emotions in terms of correct response time.Conclusion: It can be concluded that sad and neutral faces are recalled better than happy faces.

Background and Aim: Various studies indicate that deaf children compared with hearing children have problems in all aspects of emotional development, including facial expression, emotional understanding of display rules, mixed and contradictory emotions and theory of mind. This article reviews studies of impaired emotional development in children with hearing impairment.Recent Findings: Some findings indicate that young deaf children function similar to hearing children. The difficulty in understanding display rules experienced by deaf children can be explained by appealing to their inability to adequately express emotions in emotion-eliciting contexts, as opposed to their difficulty in understanding mental states. Overall, research findings indicate that emotional understanding in various aspects and dimensions is associated with children's language abilities.Conclusion: Results obtained show that more aspects of deaf children's emotional development (such as interpretation and recognition of facial expression) are similar to that of their peers. However, deaf children performed more poorly in tasks which required experience in understanding display rules and theory of mind. Recent findings generally demonstrate that language plays an important role in the emotional development of children. Therefore, deaf children in comparison to hearing children are less able performers.

Introduction: People with generalized anxiety disorder have defects in perception, regulating, and expressing their emotions. The purpose of this research was to determine the difference in facial emotion recognition and self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt between university students with generalized anxiety disorder and normal university students.Method: This research employed a causal-comparative design, with a statistical population of 400 students from Shahid Madani University of Azarbaijan. A group of 20 individuals exhibiting symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder was selected based on the cut-off scores of the generalized anxiety disorder scale and the structured clinical interview for diagnosing mental disorders. Another group comprising an equal number of individuals without such symptoms was also chosen. All participants underwent evaluations based on their scores in Ekman and Friesen's (1976) facial emotion recognition test and Marshall et al.'s (1994) scale measuring shame and guilt.Results: Multivariate analysis of variance method was used to analyze the data, which showed a significant difference between the two groups. Further, the results of the univariate analysis showed that there is no significant difference between the normal group and the group with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder in facial emotion recognition. While there was a significant difference between the two groups in the self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt, and university students with symptoms obtained higher scores on this scale.Discussion and Conclusion: It is essential to consider individuals' conscious emotions of shame and guilt in explaining and treating generalized anxiety disorder.

Abu Mslim Nāme is the life-story of Abu Muslim of Khorāsān written on the basis of mythological structure of Dragon-Killer. After the assassination of Abu Muslim, Iranians, once more gave credit to conventional myths, but reevaluated them so much that they finally converted history to mythology. The present article, after a structural analysis of Abu Muslim’s life-story, examines the diverse transformations and displacements in Fereydoon Myth (The Dragon-Killer) in order to explain the reasons of these changes based on historical and psychological documents. The article concludes that these evolutions have taken place mostly under the influence of religious functions and in cases due to the effects of literary imagination.

Face recognition has been attended as a model of children's perceptual skills development. Faces provide the most important visual stimulus for human communication. Identity, emotional expressions, age and gender are being understood by attending to faces. So, having ability to read faces is an essential element of social and cognitive development. The research shows that children have more difficulty in recognition and encoding of faces than adults. It is unclear, however, whether this difficulty is due to their low information processing skills or their limited experiences on faces. The research aimed to investigate Iranian face recognition skills and to study the role of experience in developing face recognition ability. Participants were three groups of subjects including 22 5- years-olds, 22 9-year-olds and 22 adults. They answered to face recognition tasks consisted in three conditions: full face, inner face and outer face. The results showed that in parallel to increasing age, there were an improvement on both speed and accuracy of responses. These results are consistent with those findings conducted in the western cultures demonstrating a development of children's face recognition performance on all full, inner and outer tasks. The research support those who claim being universality in face recognition development. The research also supports the role of experience in learning to differentiate the human face features.

Introduction: The Face Detection System is a biometric system which applies smart automatic methods to detect and/or verify a person’ s identity based on physiological features. The current study aims to use the improved HMAX model for face recognition. HMAX is a biological model inspired by the human vision system. Hence, to improve the function of HMAX model we used learning automata as it has free parameters of Alpha and Beta. Learning automata is able to predict in uncertain environments and is applied to increase the rate of human face recognition. Method: In this study used the standard FEI dataset as the input of the proposed model which incorporates 200 photos of Brazilian people. When the photos are read by the MATLAB software commands, they enter the phase of feature extract which is done through HMAX model filters. To measure the rate of face detection, all the extracted characteristics are categorized. The HMAX model parameters are determined through learning automata. HMAX is a hierarchical model with a four-layered system of C2, S2, C1, S1 for recognizing the fine features of photos. Moreover, we compared the improved HMAX model with the Genetic algorithm to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed model. Results: The results of dataset analyses show a 94. 08 percent of face detection. Conclusion: So, we conclude that the face detection rate in the improved HMAX is more than the Genetic algorithm.

Background & Aims: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with associated cognitive deficits.Some of these deficits such as face recognition deficit have been reported in siblings of children with autism.Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on twenty (6-14 y/o) siblings of children with autism referring to child and adolescence clinic of Roozbeh hospital in Tehran in 2008-2009 and twenty (6- 14y/o) health school students. Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed by a psychiatrist, and K_SADS_PL semi-structure interview in both group. And autistic spectrum symptoms were gathered and then evaluated by with CARS questioner, IQ scores with Raven's tests, and Benton face recognition test.Results: Results of this study showed that there is no significant difference in face recognition test responses between two groups. But sex and age had a positive correlation with face recognition ability.Conclusion: Deficit in face recognition may be an endophenotype of autism but this study does not demonstrate it.

Introduction: Facial emotion recognition plays an important role in social interactions. Impairment in this area causes a deficit in individuals’ social competency. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and speed of facial emotion recognition at different levels of image blurring in healthy participants.Method: images of faces of all participants, displaying different emotions including happiness, sadness and anger along with neural expression in different levels of blurring, were viewed. They were instructed to detect the emotions accurately as soon as possible.Results: the results show that the accuracy of recognition of happiness was significantly higher than that for negative emotions such as anger and sadness. The neutral expression was recognized to be worse than happiness and better than negative emotions. Sadness was less quickly and more accurately than anger. The more the image blurred, the more the recognition of accuracy and speed was reduced.Conclusion: the accuracy and speed recognition of different emotions diminish due to the increased level of image blurring. Happiness, along with neutral expression, when displayed in blurred images, are always recognized with greater accuracy and speed than negative emotions (sadness and anger).

Facial expressions of emotion are one of the most complex mental states. The aim of this study was to examine the link between attachment styles and ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion. In a cross-sectional study, 221 people (100 women and 121 men) from Shahid Beheshti students were selected using convenience sampling method and completed the revised computerized version of the facial emotional expressions test and Attachment Style Questionnaire. Results indicated difference between individuals with secure and insecure attachment styles in recognizing facial expressions of emotion. So that individuals with secure attachment styles had better performance than individuals with insecure attachment. There were no significant differences between individuals with avoidance and anxiety attachment styles. Results are discussed in terms of the long-term influence of early experiences of mother and child relationship on the ability to recognize facial emotional expressions.