Pseudo-differential distributed amplifier (PDDA) is an effective method in increasing the bandwidth of a broadband amplifier. This study investigates different methods with same power consumption and chip area for enhancement gain-bandwidth in a cascaded pseudo differential distributed amplifier (CPDDA) and compare them. The choice of optimal design depends on the gmRo parameter of the PDA cells. The proposed circuits have been implemented in 0. 18-μ m RF-CMOS technology. The simulation results show that in this technology, in order to obtain a 0-40GHz bandwidth that requires low gmof the PDA's cell-transistor, two cascaded PDDA with three stages has a better performance than a three cascaded PDDA with two stages. In two cascaded PDDA with three stages structure, a gain of 10dB can be achieved in the bandwidth of 40GHz in 0. 18-μ m RF-CMOS technology. In this amplifier, parameters S11, S22, S12, are-12,-10, and-16 dB, respectively and noise figure is equal to 4. 6 and P1dB is +3. 5dBm. This amplifier has 230mW power consumption and a chip area of 0. 63 mm2. These values show the good performance of the proposed amplifier, compared to the results of previous works on similar amplifiers.

Along with increasing in the number of telecommunication standards, the demand for multi-standard transmitters / receivers has been raised. The aim of this paper is to design and simulate an LNA that covers the full band of UWB and involve the available standards as well. Accordingly, the main design parameters including noise, gain, input matching, current level, and voltage level are determined so as to achieve an effective operation in the band of 3. 1 GHz to 10. 6 GHz. The proposed structure is a differential common-gate associated with the gain-boosting and current-reused techniques. Applying the proposed common-gate structure in the LNA in CMOS 0. 18μ m technology, the power consumption achieves a considerable reduction compared to other LNA counterparts. In addition, the noise figure is reduced to 1. 8dB with a gain of 12. 8 dB to 13. 6 dB, a linearity of-7dBm is achieved, and the input reflection coefficient is reduced to less than-10 dB.

Cognitive radios are expected to opportunisticly communicate with covering a wide range of the frequency spectrum by continously sensing the spectrum and identifying available channels. In this paper, we introduced an inductorless and differential wideband LNA, which uses the complementary current-reuse structure and active and passive m G-enhancement technique, which leads to increase voltage gain, reduction in power consumption and noise, in the signal receiving path. Therefore, the proposed LNA is able to achieve 50 MHz – 1. 7 GHz bandwidth with 11 S less than-14. 26 dB, maximum voltage gain of 20. 2 dB, minimum NF of 3. 31 dB, while consuming only 1. 82 mA from a supply voltage of 1. 8 V to TSMC 0. 18 μ m CMOS technology. Also, simulations are performed using Spectre RF simulator.

In this paper, a new structure of HFTI-qZS-CMI has been proposed. The proposed structure is capable of generating high-voltage for medium to high power applications. By adding a switch, a capacitor and a high-frequency transformer and also eliminating an inductor from each qZS-CMI cell, the HFTI-qZS-CMI structure will be created. Using the high-frequency transformer in the proposed structure, leads to electrical isolation between the input and the output, increase or decrease the output voltage, increase the system reliability and reduce the electromagnetic interference. The number of elements in the proposed structure is less than three stage cascade multilevel inverter. Moreover, in comparison to the qZS-CMI with the same input and output voltages, it has lower voltage stress on the diode and the switches as well as higher boost factor and larger modulation index. To control the on and off state of the switches, the Improved phase-shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation with third harmonic injection is used which increases the modulation index more than one and improve the quality of inverter output power. The proposed structure simulation has been carried out in MATLAB / SIMULINK software. The results of analysis and simulation show better performance for the proposed inverter comparing to other structures.

This paper intends to stabilize the flight of an avian-scale flapping robot with articulated. Modeling has been performed using Multibody dynamics, considering a tail.  The equations of motion have been derived from Lagrange equations. Kampf mechanism, inspired by the birds, is used to drive the inner and outer wings with a phase shift. The aerodynamic model has been obtained from applying the blade element theory to the wings divided into twelve elements, considering the inner and outer wing distinction. The aerodynamic forces emerging from the movement of wing elements, in terms of flapping frequency and flight speed, are determined separately. Regarding the flight path angle and effective angle of attack, aerodynamic forces of the entire wings have been achieved in horizontal and vertical axes. The coupling of aerodynamic and dynamic completes the nonlinear time-periodic equations. Due to the impact of the fuselage pitch angle on the flight altitude, the cascade control was used to control fuselage and tail pitch angles in inner loops and altitude in the outer one. Proportional-derivative-integral control has been used to control the performance of the loops, the coefficients of which have been optimally designed

From the 10th century after Hijra, along with ruling of Safavids` kings having an ideology which combined religion with politics and literature, the old tradition of training poets experienced a drastic change. Many of the Persian poets moved to India due to financial and spiritual supports of `Gurakanis` kings. Due to this event, the Persian center which had begun its activities from the time of Mahmud of Ghazne was reinforced.Certain areas and cities began to play new roles in the interaction of two varieties of Persian. a) Persian language spoken by Indians. The language spoken by Lahuri, Bidel Azim Abaadi, Ghani Kashmiri and Ghaleb Dehlavi b) Persian language spoken by Iranians who had gone to India due to this country’s attractions. This language spoken by scholars such as Orfie of Shiraz, Naziri of Neyshabur, Saebe Tabrizi and Kalim Kashani. It is evident that the interaction of these two varieties of Persian particularly in the areas of literature and literary imaginations caused certain discrepancies between Iranian and Indian scholars.This paper is an attempt to delineate literary geographical areas of the time with an emphasis on the centers of Persian speakers` gatherings, the role of regional and local courts in India, Sufi monasteries, mosques and theology schools in spreading Persian literature and scrutinize on the differences between Persian language spoken by Iranians and Indians.

In this paper, a low power 2×3 matrix distributed amplifier (DA) with tapper transmission lines is introduced in 180 nm CMOS technology. The matrix structure is used to provide the mechanisms of multiplication and additive of the current for increasing the gain and reducing the power consumption. In the input stage, a controllable cascade gain cell is used to expand the bandwidth and remove to need the additional capacitors in the input gate and central transmission lines. Moreover, the terminating resistor of the input gate transmission line is replaced with an RL network. The proposed distributed amplifier is designed and simulated using TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS technology in Cadence Spectre-RF over the frequency of 1-30 GHz. Operated at 1 V, the proposed DA consumes 25.16 mW. Simulation results show that the proposed DA achieves a direct power gain (S21) of 12±1 dB with an average NF of 5.75 dB and average IIP3 of -6.11 over the 1–24 GHz band of interest. The input and output return losses are also more than 10 dB.