One of the issues which has always been so controversial among the commentators of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods is the transaction of software. In the trading custom of the present era, software transactions can be implemented through a set of methods or templates. Sometimes they are transferred by a hardware or a tangible media (e. g. Disks, CDs) and sometimes transactions are online or in-app. Furthermore, it is possible that software is made and produced by an order and then transferred to the customer. These transactions according to the Article (1) and (100) of the convention have been a matter of controversy among the commentators,because in different legal systems, it is not clear that they are considered as contracts for sale or goods and despite stipulation of Article (3) there are still many disputes regarding the definition and the limits of these transactions in the context of the convention. This is a descriptive-analytical research to solve this issue and has concluded that it is necessary to hang on to an interpretation which complies with the international character of the convention and the general principles of it (Art. 7). It is presented in the conclusion that it is required not to abrogate the unique legal system of international trade in the light of this convention, just to expand its scope,and the exclusion of some kinds of software transactions from the scope of the convention is more suitable if it is to keep the international character and the purpose of the convention.

The economic development of a country depends on the management, Applicability, and utilization of its resources. Efficient energy generation and application in the industrial and agricultural sectors are of paramount importance. Due to the high need for a healthy environment coupled with sustainable energy, it has become necessary for the government and industries to look beyond carbon-based energy sources, which most developing countries depend on heavily for their energy generation, and begin to consider other sources of energy. These carbon-based energy sources generate greenhouse gases, causing global warming and climate change. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are a promising energy source, providing sustainable and environmentally friendly energy. They can harness the chemical energy in organic compounds and channel it to the generation of electrical energy while providing environmental remediation. Its functioning is efficient, widespread, convenient, and promising. This review considers the various types of MFCs, their mode of operation, strategies for improving their performance, and future prospects.

According to Article 167 of the Constitution and Article 3 of the Civil Procedure Act, the judge is obliged to issue a judgment based on the law. That is, the legal basis of a judgment rendered by the court must be the law, and in cases where the law is silent, refer to authentic Islamic sources or authentic fatwas or general legal principles. In the meantime, the question is whether international instruments and treaties can also be relied upon as a basis of judgments and if the answer is yes, under what condition or conditions these international documents and treaties can be relied upon as the basis of judgments and in which category and these instruments are included in which category of cases listed in Article 167 of the Constitution and Article 3 of the Civil Procedure Act? In accordance with Article 77 of the Constitution, treaties, protocols, contracts and international agreements must be approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly and in accordance with Article 9 of the Civil Code, the provisions of the covenants concluded between the government of Iran and other countries are tantamount to law. Therefore, the treaties that Iran has joined in compliance with the formalities of the conditions contained in the Constitution, are tantamount to domestic laws and can be relied upon like domestic laws. In this report on the critique and analysis meeting, two judgments, one on the subject of the acquisition of Iranian nationality for an Afghan national and the other on the issue of requiring the defendant to divorce his wife, have been examined, and the method in which the court relied upon international treaties has been critiqued in terms of the degree of compliance with the principles of rendering judgment and the fact that judgments must rely upon the law.

Identification of Regions Having Potential for Landslide Occurrence is One of The Basic Measures in Natural Resources Management. Different Landslide Hazard Zonation Models are Proposed Based on The Environmental Condition and Goals. Nowadays in Countries Involved With Landslide Problem, There is an Increase Trend to Evaluation and Zonation of Risk and dDamage of This Phenomena. Existing Landslides As Earth Evidence Was Identified and Landslide Inventory Map Was Provided. Factors Layers As Geology, Slope, Aspect, Distance From River, Istance From Road, Distance From Fault, Land Use, Rain and Elevation in Arc-GIS Software Was Provided. The Landslide Hazard Zonation Maps are Based on The Information Value, Certainty Factors and Multiple Regressinon Models in Arc-GIS Environment Provided. The Level of Similarity Potential Hazard Figures of These Models Were Compared With The Landslide Inventory Map in The SPSS Environments. Results of Research Showed That There are a Significant Correlation between the Potential Hazard Figures with the Area of Landslides in Three Models. The Multiple Regression Model Have Hieghest Correlation in This Watershed So Multiple Regression Modl is The Best Model for Application in The Bagh Dasht Watershed.

A basic problem in jurisprudence and Hadith science is the existence of contradictory statements. Such contradictions are sometimes non-rooted and can be removed by the addition of concepts of two or more statements together, but some others are sustained and cannot be resolved through the reconciliation of several statements. In the latter case, two statements are either of the same reference and tenet or one is preferable to the other. Once the two are conceptually or referentially the same, a treatment approach can be used to rule out both or maintain both as options. However, if the two statements are not the same, one can be accepted as a matter of preference. It is to be noted that this kind of cure is implemented only on two statements with a formidable difference. The question is whether or not a preference approach can be applied to two statements with just a slight contradiction, or it is possible to overlook a preference recommended in documented Hadiths in favor of a non-recommended preference. The other question is if the contradiction between two pieces of evidence can be cured just like two contradictory concepts can. This research seeks to find answers to these questions with regard to unchallengeability and rationality as two ways of approaching the preference issue. According to the first way, it seems difficult to overlook documented preferences, let alone overlooking the contradiction between concepts with an already documented cure and discussing the difference of evidence instead. The advocates of rationality, however, have it easy to deal with contradiction; they simply feel free to take one Hadith and leave the other.

Environmental regulations have become more stringent on acid gas emissions to atmosphere. So, selecting the right process for sulfur recovery from refinery acid gases is very important. In this manuscript, different technologies for sulfur recovery have been reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages have been investigated. Selecting suitable technology depends on different parameters such as unit capacity, the feed composition, required recovery, operating condition and economy. The results of this study show that to obtain sulfur recovery about 97% at refineries with high capacity, the modified Claus process is the best choice. To achieve more recovery, one of the tail gas treatment technologies should be applied after Claus process. These technologies include sub-dew point, direct oxidation, converting sulfur species to H2S and absorb with selective amine, converting sulfur species to SO2 and absorb with suitable solvent. This study revealed that to increase sulfur recovery to more than 99. 9%, the best choice is selective absorption of hydrogen sulfide with amine and recycling it to the Claus process.

The problem of this study is the suitable context and environment for dynamic capabilities. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of similar dynamic capabilities in technological and market environmental dynamics. The company performance viewed as a consequence of dynamic capabilities and the moderator role of environmental dynamics were studied. The population of the research is manufacturing companies quoted in Tehran Stock Exchange. Performance data were gathered from Company’ s financial balance sheet and the other variables from valid and reliable questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha, 93%). Two hypothesis tested dynamic capabilities impact on performance as well as the moderator of environmental dynamics on dynamic capabilities and performance relationship. The results show that environmental dynamics has positive moderating effect in dynamic capabilities and company’ s performance relationship. Also the relationship between dynamic capabilities and performance is not significant in static environments, but significant in dynamic and relatively dynamic environment.

Analytical study of relationship between Applicability and legality, as two necessary grounds for stability and durability of governments, with regard to their impact on such things as political stability would be necessary. Such being the case, question of the paper follows as: how is the connection between Applicability and legality of political governments? The hypothesis runs as: Applicability and legality of governments are of such a reciprocal and direct relation that the weakness and strength of each leads to the weakness and strength of the other equally. As is clarified by an analytical and descriptive method in the paper, in spite of reciprocal stability of Applicability and legality, Applicability of a system would not produce original legality of it. In other word, one may argue that impact of Applicability on legality is based on the origin of government’s legality.