Nowadays, there is a growing interest in transdisciplinary approach to university curriculum development. Transdisciplinary studies are about the realms and goals of the transition field. The early phases of transdisciplinary in higher education curriculum can be complex and so there are challenges to defining and operationalizing this approach to the university curriculum. In this paper, with respect to the different perspectives on the subject, the conceptual framework and the model of the curriculum based on the causal layered learning are explained and the challenges and obligations of the subject are conceptualized based on four different types of curricular issues: philosophical and pedagogical considerations, issues and responsibilities affecting the teaching process, issues and responsibilities affecting students learning, issues and responsibilities affecting course design and issues and responsibilities affecting learning assessment. In the end, it has been pointed out that curriculum, teaching and learning in higher education encompass a range of institutional adjustments and adaptations that are not easily adaptable and structured within the framework of current situation, thus it is very useful to address obligations and responsibilities in designing a course of study, curriculum goals, and evaluation and preparation of students to face the challenges posed by new forms of curriculum.

Regardless of the debates concerning the impact of the world trading system on developing countries’ “ policy space, ” evidence shows that a handful of these economies have been able to take advantage of the rules of the game to pursue their development objectives. The case of accession to the World Trade Organization is not an exception. However unruly and unfair, WTO accessions can either contribute to or hamper development depending on the details of accession COMMITMENTS as well as the level of serious engagement on the part of the applicant county. Those acceding countries that were able to locate accession in their pre-determined development strategy, rather than an aim in itself, utilized this opportunity as a driver of sensible reforms. Rather than being captured by rent-seeking globalizing/neoliberal forces, the accession policy should be used as an instrument to enforce and embed a well-designed industrial development policy in a world of globalized production.

After his human life, committed to issues that are important. Issues such as: money, blood money, borrowed and... In each place, there is a variety of topics. Human obligations after his death, is acceptable to retribution and utter commitment, and this is impossible. Islamic law and jurisprudence in regard to this issue and in different positions directly and indirectly, various discussions have taken place around it. Research accomplishments include: tribute to the dedication and commitment of financial and nonfinancial of dead is acceptable to retribution and utter commitment the neck, it is possible and focus on civil law.

From its inception, cognitive linguistics has been characterized by several shared basic COMMITMENTS, most notably the “generalization commitment” and the “cognitive commitment” (Lakoff, 1990). These are instances of the general model of scientific explanation, which comprises reduction and emergence as two sides of the same coin. An explanation must show a) that a complex phenomenon can be analyzed as resulting from (i.e., as reducible to) the interaction of certain simpler phenomena under certain conditions, and by the same token, and b) that the special properties of the complex phenomenon, while not present in the basic phenomena involved, emerge from this interaction. For language, with its special cognitive and communicative features, this conception of explanation entails a biological commitment and poses a challenge. How can we show that these special features emerge from more basic biological phenomena? Since the theory of evolution provides the unifying conceptual framework for answering such questions, an indispensable component of the answer is an account of the evolution of these features, and given the diversity of languages, cultural evolution will have to be part of that account. The biological commitment entails employing the generally accepted model specifically for explanation in biology known as “Tinbergen’s four questions” (Tinbergen, 1963; Bateson & Laland, 2013). This study will show that these various elementary requirements can be met in an illuminating way. In addition, it will explore how this might provide an opportunity for overcoming some long-lasting controversies in linguistics.

Introduction: commitment is concerned as an attitude and can antecedent the rate of displacement, low performance and weak responsibility before recruitment. With respect to the nature of military organizations, it was found those who committed to their job were succeeded.Methods: subjects were selected through Cluster sampling from a military unit. Subjects were requested to fill in the Porter Organizational Commitment Questionnaire as well as the Big Five Personality Scale (NEO). Data was analyzed by correlation and regression.Results: the aim of the present research is to find the personality traits that antecedent the organizational commitment.Discussion: results revealed that both conscientiousness and agreeableness was the main predictors for organizational commitment. Openness to experience can also predict the organizational commitment in second order.

The present study tried to inspect the generational differences and differences in cultures and values within one of the military organizations. Regarding the fact that in recent decades Iran has been confronted with a variety of events such as the revolution, the postwar and postwar periods; individuals with different ages and backgrounds face with different forms of value orientations, norms and patterns of behavior across generations. In particular in military organizations where the previous generation has been involved with post-war events and there is a need for nurturing successors in these organizations. Therefore, recognizing the differences in generations gives us a better understanding of how to deal with, manage, and interact with younger generations, and this case is of paramount importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of difference in generational attitudes on the staff commitment as one of the behavioral patterns of employees in different generations. To this end, a questionnaire and 98 samples from a military organization with staff at different ages and backgrounds were used to collect the required data. In order to test the hypotheses, fitting the structural equations and the partial least squares (PLS), SPSS and Smart PLS softwares were used. The results indicated that the generational difference had a positive effect on the continuous and normative COMMITMENTS of the military personnel under study, and a significant negative effect on the effective commitment. In other words, the younger generations have higher effective COMMITMENTS and lower normative and continuous COMMITMENTS in comparison with the more experienced ones.