The findings of this research are mostly useful to those who intend to penetrate international “Business to Consumer” markets. One of the key challenges of online businesses is how they manage service quality, which holds a significant importance to customer satisfaction. This paper is purposed to unveil customers’ perceptions on service quality priority and different cultures’ expectations in online shopping. The questionnaire utilized, was based on the SERVQUAL instrument that identifies five quality dimensions. This study indicates that in the developing countries customers need more security and clarity in transactions. The managerial and theoretical implications are provided.

This study aims to identify the educational deprivation of children in Iran and to examine the factors affecting the deprivation at both individual and household levels. At individual level, the effects of socio-demographic characteristics of the family and other factors on the educational situation of children aged 17-30 years are examined. At household level, the effects of household-related factors on the number of children deprived from education in the household are investigated. Using data from a survey of social and economic characteristics of households, carried out by Iran Statistical Centre in 2001, the research method in this study is based on secondary data analysis.Finding show household size and the number of children in the family, among different demographic factors related to the family, have the most important effects on children's education. Of socio-economic factors, household place of residence, the level of the head of household's education, the household expenditure on cultural services and the quality of the household housing affect children's chance in enjoying higher levels of education. In addition, marital status of the head affects the probability of the existence of a deprived child in the family. The mother's behavior toward the child, compared to that of the father, shows to be more influential on children's educational performance and levels of education.

Objective: To translate Verona Service Satisfaction Scale-32 (VSSS-32) to Persian, to adapt it for Iranian culture and to investigate the performance characteristics of the Persian version intended to measure patient satisfaction with psychiatric care.Method: The VSSS-32 was translated to Persian using an elaborated methodology according to World Health Organization guideline. In addition, understandability and feasibility, of the measure were investigated in 121 patients and 74 relatives.Results: Few changes or few adaptations were made to bring about cross-cultural comparability. The VSSS-32 questions were generally understandable and acceptable for Iranian patients and relatives. The instrument was feasible to be administered in both participants and interviewers point of view.Conclusion: The VSSS-32 Persian version appears to be a good cross culturally equivalent of the original English version. Understandability and applicability of the instrument was good.

Jeans are the popular garments worn by men and women from different ages in Iran. For religious Iranian garments, Jeans have special meaning in the mind. Meanwhile, it seems to have some values of Americanization and Westernization. The main hypotheses of this study are: 1. Religious have used American jeans. 2. Religious Iranians have used Jeans with different colors, models and Brands. 3. The meaning of Jeans wearing is different in different locations. This research questions is, "why do the religious Iranians follow Western values in their garments that are against their own values?" This research is based on the book by John Fiske for understanding popular culture. Qualitative research method and in-depth interview as the technique of research used by the author. Participants have been selected from two areas in East and North West of Tehran's mosques. They were asked of their meanings of wearing jeans through the interview. For example, people who attended in Sharake Gharb Grand Mosque used more original brandJeans than those who were interviewed in Resalat Mosque who Frequently have been wearing fake Jeans. Jean's Connotations for Jean wearers in SharakeGharb Grand Mosque was fashion, modern, high class personality and for jean wearers in Resalat Mosque was just an ordinary clothing, just because of fashion and durability. Finally, none of the participants considered Jeans as a popular American goods.

INTRODUCTION: The efficiency and development of any organization largely depend on the proper use of human resources. In today's organizations, to reduce organizational silence, employees express their ideas and share their views to increase organizational efficiency. This study was conducted to qualitatively explain the cultural and environmental factors that reduce organizational silence in government organizations. METHODS: This applied study was conducted based on a descriptive-analytical approach and implemented through the field research method. The samples (n=18) were selected among senior managers of government organizations using purposive sampling and the sample size required amount was based on theoretical saturation criterion. The required data were collected through holding interviews and they were analyzed using the grounded theory method. FINDINGS: The results showed that the four selective codes of "progress", "appropriate cultural background", "lack of proper attribution" and "increasing culture in the field of teamwork" could explain the concept of organizational silence. CONCLUSION: According to the results, the roots of the formation of this destructive and inhibitory organizational phenomenon are lied in the context of social, cultural, and political interactions, identified under the influence of "environmental and cultural factors", and started via social learning. These environmental and cultural factors can be programmed and corrected to guide and control organizational silence and direct the constructive voice of the organization.