Background and purpose of the study: The objective of the study was to develop and characterize Diclofenac Diethylamine (DDEA) transdermal patch using Silicone and acrylic adhesives combination.Methods: Modified solvent evaporation method was employed for casting of film over Fluoropolymer coated polyester release liner. Initial studies included solubilization of drug in the polymers using solubilizers. The formulations with combination of adhesives were attempted to combine the desirable features of both the adhesives. The effect of the permeation enhancers on the drug permeation were studied using pig ear skin. All the optimized patches were subjected to adhesion, dissolution and stability studies. A 7-day skin irritancy test on albino rabbits and an in vivo anti-inflammatory study on wistar rats by carrageenan induced paw edema method were also performed.Results: The results indicated the high percent drug permeation (% CDP-23.582) and low solubility nature (1%) of Silicone adhesive and high solubility (20%) and low% CDP (10.72%) of acrylic adhesive. The combination of adhesives showed desirable characteristics for DDEA permeation with adequate % CDP and sufficient solubility.Release profiles were found to be dependent on proportion of polymer and type of permeation enhancer. The anti-inflammatory study revealed the sustaining effect and high percentage inhibition of edema of C4/OLA (99.68%). The acute skin irritancy studies advocated the non-irritant nature of the adhesives used.Conclusion: It was concluded that an ideal of combination of adhesives would serve as the best choice, for fabrication of DDEA patches, for sustained effect of DDEA with better enhancement in permeation characteristics and robustness.

The purpose of the present study was to prepare diclofenac diethyl amine emulgel with better skin penetration compared to the marketed product in Iran. To achieve such a product, several formulations containing different kinds and amounts of gelling agents, have been prepared. By changing the type and amount of gelling agent, type and ratio of organic phase composition, and solvent amount the best formulation with better stability has been selected. The skin penetration study was carried out using skin penetration study apparatus equipped with Franz cells. The concentration of drug in the receptor phase of Franz cells was determined using UV spectrophotometer and HPLC. To evaluate the effect of type and concentration of skin penetration enhancer agents on the penetration of drug through rat skin, Transcutol, Myrj 52 and Cineol was used with different concentrations. After calculating flux and EF values and comparing the graph of cumulative amount of drug penetrated through the skin, the formulation which had 0.25% Myrj 52 as skin penetration enhancer was selected as the best formulation with higher skin penetration.

Purpose: To compare the clinical efficacy between locally applied diclofenac diethylamine gel, EMLA cream and systemically given diclofenac sodium for the pain relief during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) using Dornier Delta Compact Lithotripter. Material and Methods: One hundred five patients with renal stones were randomly divided in to 3 groups. Group A was given intramuscular diclofenac sodium (1 mg/kg), 45 minutes before the procedure. In group B, 10 gm of eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) cream and in group C, 15 gm of diclofenac diethylamine gel was applied locally 45 minutes before the procedure. Ten-score linear and visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess the severity of pain during the procedure. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare various parameters and analyzed statistically. Results: All the three groups were not statistically different with respect to age, weight, stone size, number of shock wave delivered and maximum voltage used (P >. 05). The mean pain score in group A was 4. 48, in group B was 3. 60 and in group C was 3. 95, which were not significantly different (P = 1. 34). Complication like skin lesion was found only in injection diclofenac sodium group whereas cold sensation at the local site was typically found in diclofenac diethylamine gel group. Conclusion: Although not statistically significant, the mean pain score in locally applied analgesic agents (EMLA and diclofenac diethylamine gel) is lower as compared to intramuscularly given diclofenac sodium. Among these two locally acting drugs, diclofenac diethylamine gel is an equally effective alternative to EMLA.

During World War II more than 10,000 chemical substances were tested as insect repellents. Perhaps the best and all-purpose repellent developed since then is diethyltoluamide, which in various tests has been shown to be the most effective agent against a wide variety of insects. In this study diethyltoluamide was synthesized and formulated as a gel. Reaction of primary acid with thionylchloride produced acyl halide, which in reaction with diethylamine produced diethyltoluamide, with 96% yield. Reaction of diethylamine with ethyl ester of primary acid did not yield diethyltoluamide even in different experimental conditions. For production of diethyltoluamid gel, various gelling agents such as carbapol and hydroxy propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were tested.The results showed that a suitable gel could be formulated by HPMC. Physical stability, spread and viscosity of gels were evaluated. The gels that contained 14 and 18% of diethyltoluamide were stable. Rheograms of the gels that were plotted by brockfild viscometer showed that the gels have a psudoplastic characteristic.

The diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and boron trifluoride-diethylamine, mono-allylamine and piperidine complexes are used in a model system to investigate the cure reaction which occur during polymerization. Experiments using FT-IR at different temperatures show that boron trifluoride-amine complexes break down rapidly to tetrafluoroboric acid at 100 degrees C and above. Tetrafluoroboric acid forms complexes with epoxy groups, producing an activated monomer that reacts with epoxy in an etherification reaction. Dynamic DSC thermograms also show a small exotherm peak due to complex formation before the large exotherm peak of etherification reaction. A phenomenological approach is used to characterize the cure kinetics. Kinetic analysis, using integral procedure on dynamic data, indicates that the cure reaction data of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with boron trifluoride-amine complexes can be described well with the homogeneous first-order reaction model. The activation energies are found to be in the range of 90.85 kJ/mol for boron trifluoride-diethylamine; 96.88 kJ/mol for boron trifluoridemonoallylamine; and 94.45 kJ/mol for boron trifluoride-piperidine complexes.

Lithium perchlorate-mediated double crossed aldol condensations of a variety of aromatic aldehydes with cycloalkanones at room temperature in the presence of (trimethylsilyl) diethylamine and under solvent-free conditions are described. High to excellent yields of bis (arylmethylidene) cyclohexanones and bis (arylmethylidene) cyclopentanones are achieved within a few minutes in this facile one-pot procedure.