In diesel engines, for reasons such as increasing power and efficiency, reducing volume, reducing weight and increasing combustion quality, it is very common to employ a turbocharger. One of the most common problems in diesel engines is the absorption of soot particles in the turbocharger outlet, which clogged after a while. The blocked filter prevent to exhaust the gases with required flow rate, as a result, the back pressure and temperature of exhaust gases increase. This factor causes the turbocharger to be located near the unstable operating range and these factors expected to change the vibration behavior of this set. In this study, by creating several levels of soot particle clogging at 2500 and 3200 RPM, the turbocharger vibration signal was stored. Using this non-destructive method, more accurate data obtained to perform active Regeneration than the conventional method. Employing fast Fourier transform on stored time signal and filtering expected range of the signal, the turbocharger operating frequencies were determined and by extracting the frequency domain characteristics and comparing them, it observed that the power spectrum density and spectral flux had a resolution of approx. It has 4 times more than other features in indexing this event. In addition, as the engine speed increases, the soot filter clogging has a greater effect on the vibration behavior of the turbocharger.

In this study, 8 dpf (days post fertilization) larvae were placed into nine 35 L tanks at the density of 18 larvae L-1. Three temperature groups each with triplicate were considered including A (control): 8-64 dpf at ambient temperature, 18-19 ºC, B (21 ºC): until 8 dpf at ambient temperature, 8-32 dpf at 21 ºC and 32-64 dpf at ambient temperature, C (27 ºC): until 8 dpf at ambient temperature, 8-11 dpf at 21 ºC and 12-14 dpf in 24 ºC, 15-32 dpf at 27 ºC and 32-64 dpf in ambient temperature and growth performance and morphometric and meristic development of the skeleton of sterlet sturgeon was investigated. The results indicated that growth parameters including specific growth rate, daily growth rate and weight gain (1525.70 ± 87.22 mg) showed significant increase in group C compared with groups A and B under temperature manipulation (P <0.05).Examining the morphological characteristics of the skeleton showed that the number of pectoral, pelvic and anal radials have significant increase in group C compared than the group A and B (P <0.05). Moreover, calcification process in different structures such as dorsal and lateral scutes, distal radials and spine of pectoral fin was accelerated in larvae that experienced 27 °C in a short period. Therefore, the results of this study showed that short-term temperature increase can accelerate larvae skeletal development and calcified structures in sterlet sturgeon, and controlling the temperature properly can potentially improve growth performance during the first two months of life.

The current regulated particle metric in vehicle emissions is the total mass, while during last decade; interest in number size distribution has increased. Various international studies on epidemiology and toxicology have reported the adverse effect of the particle matter on public health. The UNECE group of experts on pollution and energy (GRPE) under particle measurement program (PMP) are under the process of finalization long term certification standard concerning particle emissions. The current study was done in order to investigate the number concentration from a range of Indian multi utility vehicles. These were equipped with various sizes of diesel engine over the new European driving cycle (NEDC) cycle using same oil specification. The vehicles chosen were meeting emission norms ranging from Euro3 (E-3) to Euro5 (E-5) and using the corresponding fuel specification as specified for the norms. In order to meet the strict emission norms, penetration of common rail injection system in the Indian market is inevitable. The use of higher injection pressure, advanced after treatment systems such as diesel particle filters (DPF), is the motivation for the work to access the number concentration, an important metric of particle matter in view of future emission norms. It is clearly revealed that different vehicles equipped with different capacity engines exhibits similar diesel particle emission characteristics. Also, as the particle mass is decreasing with the stringent emission norms reduces the particle number concentration.

In the present study, biodegradable composite films based on polyvinylchloride (PVC) matrix, Date Palm Fiber (DPF), and Copper Filler (CF) were prepared via solvent casting method. PVC/DPF and PVC/DPF/CF composite films, before and after exposure to natural weathering, were characterized by using Fourier-Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UltraViolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Water absorption and weight loss properties of the prepared materials were also investigated. The results of this study suggested that incorporating copper filler into the PVC/DPF composite significantly slowed the biodegradation rate that occurred by biofilter in the PVC matrix. FT-IR, UV-Vis, and XRD analysis revealed more structural defects in PVC/DPF composite than in PVC/DPF/CF after exposure to natural weathering.  The slowing down of the biodegradation rate was also confirmed by weight loss and water-absorption measurements.

In this study, the ECU program of the OM 457 diesel engine manufactured by IDEM Co. has been recalibrated and SCR after-treatment has been installed in the exhaust gas path of the engine, which finally, by maintaining the engine performance, its emission standard has been upgraded to Euro 5EEV and the fuel consumption of the engine has also been reduced. With this upgrade, the engine's CO2 emissions have also been reduced, which is effective in reducing greenhouse gases that cause global warming. Also, this upgrade was done without changing the engine design and only by recalibrating the ECU program, which also reduced the cost of the project. The basic OM 457 engine has the Euro 3 emission standard, which is installed on vehicles with DPF after-treatment, which DPF has a high price, and also DPF is very sensitive to the sulfur in fuel, and the gasoil used in the country has high sulfur, causing early DPF failure. Now, with this upgrade of the engine emission standard to Euro 5 EEV without using DPF, the problem of price and sensitivity of DPF to sulfur has also been solved, and SCR after-treatment is not sensitive to fuel sulfur.

In order to investigate the efficiency of farms and the rainbow trout production function, the study was carried out at rainbow trout breeding farms in Alshtar city in Lorestan province during 2017. The data collection method was interviews and questionnaires. Data on production functions were estimated by Cobb Douglas functions and technical efficiency by deterministic parametric frontier (DPF) analysis method. The average technical, allocative and economic efficiency was 62. 1%, 57. 7% and 54. 6%, respectively, that indicating significant potential of the units in increasing their efficiencies. The results of trout production function showed that the amount of feed intake and the area of fish farm with elasticity coefficients (0. 369 and 0. 270) had the most effect on trout production (P<0. 01). The results showed that most trout breeding farms in Alshater due to lack of observance of economic principles in management, lack of knowledge of the factors affecting the production had low efficiency and profitability. In general, according to the results, there was a considerable gap between the units studied in Al-Shater city in terms of economic performance. This is due to the lack of attention to management issues in choosing the right combination of inputs (low allocative efficiency), respectively. Therefore, improving the conditions of breeding units, including nutrition and hygiene, is necessary to increase the efficiency and production of fish farms units in Alshtar.

The pulse function (PF) is a technique based on procedural preprocessing system to generate a computerized virtual photo of the faç ade with in a fixed square size. Dynamic Pulse Function (DPF) is an enhanced version of PF which can create the final photo, proportional to real geometry. This can avoid distortion while projecting the computerized photo on the generated 3D model. The challenging issue that might be handled for having 3D model in LoD3 rather than LOD2, is the final aim that have been achieved in this paper. In this research the parameters of Dynamic Pulse Functions are utilized via Ruby programming language in SketchUp Trimble to generate (exact position and deepness) the windows and doors automatically in LoD3 based on the same concept of DPF. The advantage of this technique is automatic generation of huge number of similar geometries e. g. windows by utilizing parameters of DPF along with defining entities and window layers. In case of converting the SKP file to CityGML via FME software or CityGML plugins the 3D model contains the semantic database about the entities and window layers which can connect the CityGML to MySQL. The concept behind DPF, is to use logical operations to project the texture on the background image which is dynamically proportional to real geometry. The process of projection is based on two vertical and horizontal dynamic pulses starting from upper-left corner of the background wall in down and right directions respectively based on image coordinate system. The logical one/zero on the intersections of two vertical and horizontal dynamic pulses projects/does not project the texture on the background image. It is possible to define priority for each layer. For instance the priority of the door layer can be higher than window layer which means that window texture cannot be projected on the door layer. Orthogonal and rectified perpendicular symmetric photos of the 3D objects that are proportional to the real faç ade geometry must be utilized for the generation of the output frame for DPF. The DPF produces very high quality and small data size of output image files in quite smaller dimension compare with the photorealistic texturing method. The disadvantage of DPF is its preprocessing method to generate output image file rather than online processing to generate the texture within the 3D environment such as CityGML. Furthermore the result of DPF can be utilized for 3D model in LOD2 rather than LOD3. In the current work the random textures of the window layers are created based on parameters of DPF within Ruby console of SketchUp Trimble to generate the deeper geometries of the windows and their exact position on the faç ade automatically along with random textures to increase Level of Realism (LoR). As the output frame in DPF is proportional to real geometry (height and width of the faç ade) it is possible to query the XML database and convert them to units such as meter automatically. In this technique, the perpendicular terrestrial photo from the faç ade is rectified by employing projective transformation based on the frame which is in constrain proportion to real geometry. The rectified photos which are not suitable for texturing but necessary for measuring, can be resized in constrain proportion to real geometry before measuring process. Height and width of windows, doors, horizontal and vertical distance between windows from upper left corner of the photo dimensions of doors and windows are parameters that should be measured to run the program as a plugins in SketchUp Trimble. The system can use these parameters and texture file names and file paths to create the faç ade semi-automatically. To avoid leaning geometry the textures of windows, doors, etc, should be cropped and rectified from perpendicular photos, so that they can be used in the program to create the whole faç ade along with its geometries. Texture enhancement should be done in advance such as removing disturbing objects, exposure setting, left-right up-down transformation, and so on. In fact, the quality, small data size, scale and semantic database for each faç ade are the prominent advantages of this method.

This study investigates the effects of incorporating date palm fiber (DPF), polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA), and impact-modifying masterbatch on the tensile properties of polypropylene (PP) composites. Using a design of experiments (DOE) approach and analysis of variance (ANOVA), the interactions between these components were analyzed. The tensile strength of the composites increased by up to 21.08% compared to pure PP, reaching 19.6 MPa, while the elastic modulus improved by 54.78%, reaching 2.43 GPa, at 20 wt.% DPF and 5 wt.% PP-g-MA. Although the masterbatch enhanced impact resistance, its higher concentrations reduced tensile strength by up to 31.97% compared to formulations with minimal masterbatch content. The optimal composition—20 wt.% DPF, 5 wt.% PP-g-MA, and 1 wt.% masterbatch—exhibited the best overall mechanical performance, balancing tensile strength, elastic modulus, and impact resistance. This study highlights the synergistic effects of natural fibers and polymer compatibilizers, providing a pathway for the development of sustainable, high-performance bio-composites.

Background: Valproic acid (VPA), which is often used to treat epilepsy, causes a variety of neurobehavioral impairments that closely resemble the phenotype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in prenatally exposed individuals. Although the neurobehavioral eff, ects of extremely low concentrations of VPA have received limited research attention, several investigations have shown that the impact of VPA is connected with the concentration and exposure length. Objectives: In the current study, the aim was to fi, nd the lowest dose of VPA with the fewest side eff, ects to induce behavioral phenotypes related to ASD in zebrafi, sh. Methods: Zebrafi, sh embryos were fi, rst exposed to various concentrations of VPA (i. e., 1, 5, 15, 25, 48, and 75 , M) for 120 hours. Then, 42 days after conception, the survival rate, quality of hatching, and presence of deformity were assessed. Afterward, a 1 , M VPA was chosen based on observations, and behavioral experiments were carried out at 7, 21, and 42 days after fertilization (dpf). Additionally, 7dpf gene expression analysis was evaluated. Results: According to the obtained fi, ndings, behavioral abnormalities resembling ASD were induced in 7 and 21 dpf but not in 42 dpf after 120 hours of exposure to 1, M VPA. Real-time analysis in 7 dpf revealed signifi, cant changes in a number of genes linked to ASD, including lrp6, gsk3beta, chd8, and ctnnb. Conclusions: In conclusion, 120 hours of exposure of zebrafi, sh embryos to 1 , M of VPA might produce suitable VPA induces autism-like behavior models in zebrafi, sh larvae to research early and long-term neurobehavioral and gene expression alterations. Studies on drug development might adopt this approach.

Voltage collapse is an event that causes major concern to the power system utility nowadays. The effect can be catastrophic to the power system where it can cause total collapse to the operation of the system. The study of the voltage collapse phenomenon can provide a way to prevent this event from happening. Static analysis provides the best way to study this phenomenon. There have been many methods developed to study the criteria of this phenomenon. Conventional Newton Raphson method has the singularity problem on its Jacobian matrix and thus could not give the solution. To overcome this problem, many methods had been proposed that can avoid the problem and one of them is the Continuation Power Flow (CPF) method. CPF method is a very powerful method that can provide the solution without having the singularity problem. The CPF method is improved using the new CPF-GMRES method. Although NRS (Newton - Raphson - Seydel) is an old method, it is fast and accurate. This paper expands NRS method and proves that Expanded NRS is more reliable and faster than CPF-GMRES. The idea is demonstrated on 350 bus network in IRAN (Khorasan region).