Nowadays, bone mass estimation, through imaging methods, is widely used in metabolic diseases diagnosis and treatment. One of these methods is called "optical densitometry" which estimates bone density by measuring the intensity of the transmitted light on different parts of a radiographic image. Digital radiography systems act similarly by determining grey levels of the image. The aim of this study is comparing two different methods of optical densitometry and a digital system densitometry known as radiovisiography. 45 samples, containing urografin with three different concentrations, were imaged, by both radiovisiogrphy (RVG) and conventional film systems. To determine the densitometry of films and radiovisiography images, optical densitometry and bone densitometry option of the RVG software, were applied respectively. Data were analyzed and compared for their reliability (repeatability) and correlations with concentration. In RVG densitometry system, the correlation with concentration is moderate (r=0.42) and intra samples and intra group reliability are 97.68% and 88.19%. Moreover, in conventional optical film densitometry, correlation with concentration (r=0.987) is high, intra samples and intra group reliability is high, intra samples and intra group reliability are 99.97% and 99.84%, respectively. According to the results, it is suggested that conventional film optical densitometry is more precise and reliable than RVG densitometry.

Using a cluster sampling method, a group of menopausal women from three geographic areas in Tehran were asked to participate in the study. Demographic data was obtained using a questionnaire. Subjects were than referred to perform bone mass densitometry (BMD). The relationship between various variables (i.e. age of menarche, number of years of endogenous estrogen exposure,...) with mineral density of the lumbar spine and femur were sought. Results showed that the incidence of bone loss during menopause was high among these women. Earlier age of menarche and longer reproductive years, higher BMI, previous usage of OCP and HRT are likely to increase BM. Being active at home and doing household chores can greatly influence the BMD of the femur. Poor dietary calcium intake may be the main reason for low BMD among the studied subjects.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a frequent complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and longitudinal studies have documented increased rate of bone loss in RA patients. To determine the frequency of low bone mass as well as the influence of disease duration and corticosteroid use on bone mass in patients with RA, 88 patients with RA and 112 age matched controls were studied. Bone densitometry was performed by a single dual X-ray absorptiometry equipment in the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN). The mean age of patients and controls were 52.6 and 54.6 years, respectively. The mean disease duration was 7.0 years and 79.5% of patients were taking 5.0 mg prednisolone daily for a mean period of 4.6 years. At the FN, 45% of patients had OP compared to 30.4% in the controls (P < 0.05). At the LS the frequency of OP in patients was non-significantly lower than in the controls. OP was more frequent in corticosteroids treated patients compared to non-corticosteroids treated patients both at the FN (43.5% vs 39%) and LS (26% vs 22%) but the differences were not significant. Disease duration longer than 10 years in comparison to disease duration of less than two years was associated with bone mineral density change of -10.9% at the FN (P = 0.05) and -10.4% at the LS (P not significant). The results of this study indicate that a significant proportion of patients with RA have OP at the FN and LS, and disease duration longer than 10 years is associated with a significant increase in bone loss.

Introduction: Osteomalacia, particularly in its mild and early stages, may be misdiagnosed as only osteopenia or osteoporosis. Our purpose was to determine the amount of bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with osteomalacia and to evaluate the efficiency of bone densitometry in suspicion of osteomalacia.Methods: BMD (gm/cm2) at the lumbar vertebrae (L2-L4) and femoral neck were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (LUNAR-DPXIQ machine) in 20 patients with osteomalacia (16 females and 4 males, age range 20 to 60 years, mean 39.4 year), and their T scores were evaluated according to WHO criteria.Results: Mean T score at lumbar vertebrae was -3.005±1.28, with 70% osteoporosis (T≤ -2.5). Mean T score at femoral neck was -3.009±1.34, with 60% osteoporosis.50% of patients had T≤-3.Conclusions: Osteoporosis may be detected in 70% of patients with Osteomalacia. Middle aged individuals with significant osteoporosis (T≤-3) should be evaluated for osteomalacia, beside other causes of secondary osteoporosis.

Background and Method: Psoriasis is one of the most common skin diseases. For the first time in Iran, we conducted a case-control study to evaluate bone mineral density in patients with psoriasis vulgaris in comparison with a healthy control group (20 individuals in each group). Our study sample included patients referred to the dermatology clinic of Razi Hospital in Ghaemshahr, Iran, between May and October 2019. Densitometry was performed by the DEXA method on the 2nd to 4th lumbar vertebrae and hip bone. Patients’,demographic information and Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) scores were recorded and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: The mean T-score in the case and control groups were-0. 47 ±,1. 04 and-0. 19 ±,0. 45, respectively (P = 0. 274). The mean T-score had a significant inverse correlation with an age of 40 years or above (r =-0. 873 and P < 0. 001), disease duration of more than five years (r =-0. 599, P = 0. 05), and PASI score (r =-0. 523, P = 0. 001), but had a positive correlation with sunlight exposure (r = 0. 581, P < 0. 001). Conclusion: Considering the decrease in bone density in patients with psoriasis and its relationship with the disease severity and duration and the effectiveness of sunlight in increasing bone density, preventive treatment should be provided for all patients to increase bone density and prevent osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic bone disease is a common disease in the pet reptiles. Early diagnosis of this disease has an important role in the treatment and prevention from complications. Since metabolic bone diseases causes bone density to decrease, it is assumed the CT scan can be used as a suitable method to diagnosis early changes in the bone density. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was providing a range of cortical and trabecular Hounsfield Numbers of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in the healthy green iguana by the aid of computed tomography which can be used as a reference. METHODS: Twelve healthy green iguanas were included in this study and based on the body length were divided into three groups. Complete information about maintenance including maintaining environment and nutrition conditions were recorded in questionnaires designed for this study. Lateral and dorsoventral radiographs were obtained using digital radiology to confirm the health of the skeletal system. To achieve CT plans, the animals were restricted by warping method. After obtaining topogram, with the aid of Osteo Protocol, cross sectional images were acquired from random thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. CT images were subsequently evaluated in Syngo MMWP VE40A Medical Software. The results were analyzed using SPSS statistic software. RESULTS: According to statistic results, the mean Hounsfield Number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were presented due to the body length of the green iguana. Since the cortical bone density of lumbar vertebrae in all three groups varied meaningfully and only variable “ body length” was considered influential on cortical mineral bone density of lumbar vertebrae. Cortical bone density of lumbar vertebrae can be used as a reference for detecting the early bone density changes in green iguana. CONCLUSIONS: Computed tomography can be an excellent alternative for early detection of the MBD in pet green iguanas.

Background: The radiographic image accuracy depends on the X-ray film information visibility. Good visibility is found by good contrast. Radiation exposure parameters (kVp, mAs) and film processing conditions have impact on contrast. In dentistry radiography machines, exposure time and processing procedure are set by radiographer. No optimized exposure time and processing conditions may lead to incorrect diagnosis and re-exposure of the patient. Therefore, we studied the performance of the three different available processing solutions with dental X-ray film. Materials and Methods: Dental intraoral E-speed films, size 2 (Kodak company, USA) were used in this study. These films were developed in a manual processor using three different brands of processing solution: 1) Taifsaz (Iran), 2) Darutasvir (Iran) and 3) Agfa (Germany) for temperatures of 25°C, 28°C and 30°C at the three different exposure times, 0.2 s, 0.25 s and 0.35 s. Performance was evaluated with respect to base plus fog, relative contrast and relative speed. Results: Darutasvir processing solution as the cheapest one showed higher base plus fog density at 25°C and 30°C than that of Taifsaz and Agfa solutions. Also, Darutasvir solution was found to have better relative contrast than that of the others, except for 30°C at 0.25 s. Relative speed was higher in Darutsavir solution than Agfa for 25°C at three exposure times used in this study, for 28°C at 0.2 s and for 30°C at 0.35 s. Taifsaz Processing solution was in the second order with respect to tested conditions. Conclusion: Comparison among available X-ray film processing solutions for different temperatures at different exposure times can help to maintain image quality while patient exposure and film cost are kept considerably low. 

This study aimed to develop an HPTLC-Densitometry method for identifying and determining the 1,4-naphthoquinone compound in ethanol and water extracts of Eleutherine palmifolia (EP). The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, Limit of Detection (LOD), and Limit of Quantification (LOQ). The linearity is assessed to ensure a linear relationship between the instrument response and various analytical concentrations. Accuracy is measured by comparing the measurement results with reference values or true values. Precision is evaluated through repeated measurements on samples with the same concentration, both within (intra-assay) and between assays (inter-assay). The Limit of Detection (LOD) determines the lowest concentration that can be detected, while the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) determines the lowest concentration that can be measured and quantified accurately with a specific level of confidence. The linearity test yielded an r-value of 0.9976, with an LOD value of 163.6006 ppm and a LOQ value of 495.7595 ppm. The method's accuracy ranged from 80-120%, and the precision value from %RSD was 0.99%. The 1,4-naphthoquinone content in EP ethanol extract was found to be 0.318% (w/w), while in water extract it was 0.092% (w/w). The method meets standard validation requirements and is recommended for use in traditional medicine development due to its high concentration of 1,4-naphthoquinone.