Miniemulsions of styrene with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as the surfactant and hexadecane (HD) as the co-stabilizer were prepared and polymerized. The on-line conductivity measurements were employed to characterize the Emulsification by ultrasonication. Both the dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to determine the droplet and the particle size. The effects of various reaction parameters on the droplet (or particle) size and the polymerization kinetics were investigated. These parameters include the sonication time and the concentrations of SDS ([SDS]), potassium persulphate ([KPS]), and HD ([HD], as weight percent with respect to monomer). Moreover, their influence on the droplet nucleation was also discussed. It is shown that a critically steady state can be obtained after ultrasonicating the emulsion system for at least 24 min and relatively stable miniemulsions were prepared. The polymerization rate of miniemulsions increases with the increase in [SDS], [HD], and [KPS] due to different mechanisms, and the rate is faster than that of the corresponding macroemulsions. In addition, the predominant droplet nucleation is achieved in current miniemulsion systems and the required condition is concluded. Finally, nanosize polystyrene latexes were synthesized.

Under the crisis of global warming and drastic climate changing, carbon-neutral renewable energy is considerably proposed as a feasible clean alternative energy to fractionally replace fossilized fuel. To cop up with ever stringent emission regulations, researchers have investigated different types of renewable fuels like biodiesel and water emulsion. The fuel physical characteristics are among the most important parameter to determine the quality of each fuel before it being tested in the engine. This study aims to evaluate the stability period and mean droplet size of the particles and to characterize the physicochemical properties of emulsified biodiesel blend B20 in terms of kinematic viscosity, density and calorific value with different percentage of water; 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. The tested fuel samples were compared with diesel fuel and blended palm biodiesel (B20). The experimental results show that when the proportion of water was increased in diesel-biodiesel blends, the dispersed water droplets become larger. The stability period in terms of days for emulsion fuels becomes lower when the amount of water was increased to the blends. The least stability period for emulsion obtained by emulsion with 20% and 30% water content which is 2 days. The kinematic viscosity and density of biodiesel emulsions were larger than those of the neat biodiesel. The calorific value for emulsion with 5% water content is comparable to blended fuel and conventional diesel even though there was a slight reduction.

An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small drops in the other one. The liquid in the form of droplets is called the discrete phase, whereas the other liquid is termed as a continuous phase. One of the common methods for Emulsification is based upon using microfluidic devices. Currently, the study of flow in microfluidic devices is highly regarded due to having many applications in various fields including droplet generation in relation with the standard and quality of human life. In this work, the process of droplet generation in microfluidic flow-focusing devices with orthogonal and intersecting flows is simulated. The effects of viscosity and flow rate of the discreted and continuous phases on the droplet generation process are also investigated. Based on the simulation results, increasing the flow rate of the discreted phase (Qd) at a fixed continuous phase leads to the increment of droplet size, whereas an increase in the flow rate of the continuous phase (Qc) at a fixed discreted phase results in a smaller droplet size. Moreover, for a constant Qc/Qd ratio, regardless of whether the discrete or continuous phase flow rate is fixed, the equal droplet size is achieved. A higher viscosity of the discrete phase provides a larger droplet size, whereas an increase in the viscosity of the continuous phase leads to a smaller droplet size. The simulation results, in comparison with the experimental results, show a good agreement, confirming the accuracy of the proposed method.

Ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid), an effective component of medical plant, is a phenolic acid with low toxicity that can be absorbed and easily metabolized in the human body. The solubility of Ferulic Acid (FA) is very low in aqueous solutions which can cause problem in preparation of pharmaceutical products, but it can easily be dissolved in oil/water interface of nano-emulsions. In the present work, a kind of ferulic acid nano-emulsion was prepared using the spontaneous Emulsification method which occurs when an organic phase and an aqueous phase are mixed. A chemometrics approach has been used to optimize the size of FA nanoemulsions. The experiments were performed according to a Box-behenken experimental design, one of the most suitable experimental design for modeling studies. The effect of three experimental parameters on droplet size was studied using multivariate analysis. The factors studied and the related levels were the concentration of lecithin (0.7-2 % w/w, in aqueous phase), the concentration of tween-80 (2-8 % w/w, in aqueous phase) and sounication time (10-45 minutes). In all the experiments, the water phase was added to the organic phase including lecithin, tween-80 and FA in ethanol solvent. Then experimental droplet sizes were fitted to the polynomial model. Good descriptive and predictive ability of the model was verified as high values of the statistics R2 (0.996) and F (112.5) were obtained for the linear relationship between predicted and experimental values of the dependent variable.

Introduction: Ultrasound assisted Emulsification microextraction is one of the sample preparation techniques which have minimal exposure to organic solvent. In this study, the applicability of ultrasound assisted Emulsification microextraction was explored as a simple and fast method for the preconcentration and determination of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions. Materials and Methods: One aliquot of sample solution was poured in a screw cap glass tube with a conical bottom. Then, the chelating agent and extraction solvent were injected into the sample solution using a syringe in the ultrasonic bath. Disruption of the emulsion was carried out by centrifugation, and the sedimented organic phase was transferred directly to the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions. Results: 3-((6-methyl-5-oxo-3-thioxo-2, 5-dihydro-1, 2, 4-triazin-4(3H)-yl)imino) indolin-2-one was introduced as a new and selective chelating agent. Parameters that affect the extraction efficiency, such as the kind and volume of the extraction solvent, volume of chelating agent, sample pH, extraction time are optimized. Chloroform as extraction solvent give the best results. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration curves were linear in the range of 0. 05-1. 5 μ g L-1 ions. Relative standard deviations were 2. 9 and 3. 5 for five analysis of sample solution containing 0. 1 mg L− 1 Cu2+ and Zn2+, respectively. The detection limit of method was 0. 043 for Cu2+ and 0. 045 μ g L-1 for Zn2+. The effect of presence of other ions was investigated. Conclusion: The results demonstrate a successful method for quantitative and selective determination of trace amount of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions in water and food samples.

Background: Age- related cataract is the main cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. Surgery is the only treatment currently available for lens opacity. It is the most frequently performed procedure in ophthalmology. There are many different advantage and disadvantages. Today, ultrasound phacoEmulsification is the most performed method for surgery. One of alternative energy forms is laser photolysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mean energy delivery to eye using Dodick laser photolysis for phacoEmulsification.Methods: 76 eyes from 76 patients at Aban Eye Clinic in Esfahan were introduced to study. Cataract density was rated preoperatively using lens opacity classification system III (LOCS III) on 0 to +4 density scale. Lenses with +4 nuclear density scales were excluded. Finally 67 eyes were operated with ARC Dodick laser photolysis system throw 2.8 mm clear corneal incision. Delivered energy was recorded. Findings: Of 67 patients, 39 (58.2%) were male and 28 (41.8%) were female, and had a mean age of 58.3+12.8 (14-84 years). There was no statistically significant difference between age of male patients (56.5+12.8) and female patients (60.7+11.9) (p=0.18). Mean delivered energy to eyes was 4.5+2.6 joules for nucleuses with density of +1, +2 and +3 mean delivered energy was calculated as 3.32+2.60, 3.7+2.59 and 5.7+2.23 joules respectively. Finally it was reverted that there was a direct relationship between delivered energy and nuclear density (p=0.00001, r=0.57).Conclusion: In spite of the lower amount of energy used, as the preoperative hardness of lens nucleus or lengthening of operation cannot be predicted before surgery, this technique is not well- accepted; hopefully with resolving of technical problems in the future, it can be used more properly.

The effect of sonication time (in three levels 0, 2, 4 min) and mono- di glyceride (in three levels 0, 0.3, 0.6 %) on improving the quality of cupcake were studied. Color analyze (L*, a*, b*) for dough samples and specific volume, porosity shelf life, color analyze and texture of cake were done. Results showed that increasing the levels of each factors (sonication and emulsifier) made a decrease in a*, b* of dough, crust and crumb of cake and increased in porosity, volume and L* of dough, crust and crumb color of cake. While these two factors used together changes were more obviously. In sample contain 0.6 % emulsifier that sonicated for 4 minute the highest decrease in a*, b* and increase in porosity, volume, shelf life and L* were observed.