Objective Fritillaria imperialis from the Liliaceae family is an ornamental species in danger of extinction. Therefore, it is nessessary to conserve the plant genetic pool. Two proper methods to access this goal are micropropagation and germplasm conservation in in vitro freezing conditions. The presence of suitable pre-treatments is necessary for cryopreservation. The most important and the most application of pre-treatment is Encapsulation-dehydration. The purpose of current research was in vitro proliferation of F. imperialis using plant growth regulators and its cryopreservation using Encapsulation-dehydration pre-treatment. Materials and methods Bulb scales as explants and MS medium as basic culture medium were used. For micropropagation, kinetin (Kin) and α _naphthaleneacetic acid in concentrations of 0 (as control), 0. 5, 1 and 2 mg l– 1 were applied. For cryopreservation, explants were pretreated with Encapsulation-dehydration followed by conservation in liquid nitrogen. Encapsulation was done using sodium alginate. Dehydration was carried out in air and using high level of sucrose. Results The results of micropropagation showed that the maximum number of leaf (3. 5) and root number (5. 7) was obtained in explants treated with 0. 5 mg l– 1 Kin along with 1 mg l– 1 NAA. The results of cryopreservation showed that Encapsulation-dehydration in air as a pre-treatment had effective role on the survival and regeneration of explants (70. 5%) after conservation in liquid nitrogen. Least explant survival was obtained in control (without pre-treatment). In vitro regenerated plantlets were cultivated in plastic pots containing peat moss and perlite (in ration of 1: 1) and acclimatized with environmental conditions. The survival rate was 90% and the growth pattern of regenerated plants was similar to that of mother plants. Conclusions Present research proposes the use of 0. 5 mg l– 1 Kin together with 1 mg l– 1 NAA for micropropagation and Encapsulation-dehydration for germplam cryopreservation of F. imperialis. Micropropagation by direct and indirect organogenesis and embryogenesis is a proper approach for proliferation of ornamentals in danger of extiction. The success of these methods depends on type and concentrations of auxins and cytokinins applied in culture medium, singular or in combination. In order to protect rare and endangered ornamental species, modern biotechnological tools need to be utilized.

Objective(s): The production of nano-hydroxyapatite by two encapsulated bacterial strains was the goal of current research.Materials and methods: Serratia marcscens ATCC 14756 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1570 were used by two methods including encapsulated form in 2% (w/v) alginate sodium powder and inoculated form (10%) in nutrient broth medium containing alginate sodium blank beads. In both cases alginate beads transferred to calcium and phosphorus precursors mineral medium for 48 h and were incubated at 32-35oC for 14 days. To obtain hydroxyapatite powder, alginate beads were dried at 60oC and rubbed. Sol-gel as chemical method was used for comparing with microbial analysis. The nature of produced powders was evaluated in each step by XRD, FTIR and scanning electron microscopy.Results: The results showed that the yield rate of sol-gel method was 18.3% and it was much more than encapsulated method (3.032 and 3.203 w/w dried alginate bead). The size of the particles in microbial method were smaller (8-68 nm cylindrical particles and 12-55 and 15-37 nm spherical particles) than chemical method (350-880 nm of cylindrical and 34- 67 nm of spherical particles).Conclusion: Nanoparticle sizes and distribution of microbial nano-hydroxyapatite powder samples shows that it has excellent physical properties similar to natural bone and may be to produce dense and porous bioactive bone implants with desired properties.

They are living microorganisms that have beneficial effects on the health of the digestive system. Probiotics do this by modulating the microbial flora of the gut. The purpose of this study is to investigate the abilities of lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic Encapsulation by the Encapsulation method and to investigate the effect of the bacteria's durability, as well as to investigate the effect of being uniform against stomach acid, and about the effects of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in the length of the years was 20202023. Lactobacillus rhamnosus bacteria isolate number PTCC 1637 was obtained from the National Center of Biological Genetics and Reserves of Iran and transferred to the laboratory for cultivation. Currently, there is good evidence about the therapeutic effects of probiotics in infectious diarrhea, diarrhea caused by the use of antibiotics and lactose intolerance. These organisms provide their benefits by making nutrients such as vitamins, improving absorption. Solvents, the production of more L+ type lactic acid, the increase of protein absorption and growth efficiency, the reduction of the activity of enzymes with anti-nutritional effect, bring to the body. The main point is the presence of these microbes in the digestive system. Of course, it is live. The survival of probiotics in products is influenced by various factors including pH, acidification (during storage) in the fermented product, production of hydrogen peroxide, oxygen toxicity of storage temperatures, stability in dry or frozen state, poor growth in milk, etc. Protease for breaking milk protein into parts Nitrogen and competition with traditional starters during fermentation. Physical protection of probiotics against external harmful agents with unknown microEncapsulation is a new way to promote the survival of these organisms. Encapsulation and immobilization are two words that are used interchangeably in most published sources. The survival of probiotics in products is influenced by various factors including pH, acidification (during storage) in the fermented product, production of hydrogen peroxide, oxygen toxicity of storage temperatures, stability in dry or frozen state, poor growth in milk, etc. Protease for breaking milk protein into parts Nitrogen and competition with traditional starters during fermentation.

Abstract:Backgrounds and objectives: The health benefits of probiotic bacteria have led to an increase in their use in food products. The low stability of probiotic bacteria against adverse environmental conditions and the consequent reduction of survival during processing, storage period and also during consumption, is the most important limitation in the production and development of probiotic products. Encapsulation of probiotic bacteria is one of the technologies that has been successfully implemented in numerous studies to increase the stability of bacteria against environmental stresses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the core-shell Encapsulation technology using calcium alginate, xanthan and gelan wall materials on the survival of Lactobacillus reuteri in simulated gastric conditions (pH = 1.5) by emulsion method.Materials and methods: Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC 1655) was encapsulated with calcium alginate, xanthan and gelan by emulsion method and survival of encapsulated and free bacteria in simulated gastric conditions at intervals of zero, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes at temperature 37°C were evaluated. Also, the morphology and size of the microcapsules were determined by SEM electron microscope and particle size analyzer.Results: The morphology of the microcapsules obtained from the under study wall materials was spherical to oval. The average diameter of microcapsules in all wall materials under study showed a significant difference (p≤0.05). The average diameter of the microcapsules was affected by the wall materials under study and it has been shown that the simultaneous use of alginate, xanthan and gelan as wall materials, in addition to strengthening the microcapsules, leads to an increase in the diameter of the microcapsules. The Encapsulation efficiency in all the wall materials under study was more than 90%, which indicates the suitability of the emulsion method in the Encapsulation of Lactobacillus reuteri. The highest Encapsulation efficiencies were related to (alginate) and (alginate and gellan) treatments which showed a significant difference (p≤0.05) compared to other wall materials. The lowest Encapsulation efficiency among the wall materials under study was related to the treatment (alginate, xanthan and gelan). The highest and lowest survival rates in simulated gastric conditions among the wall materials under study were related to wall materials (alginate, xanthan and gelan) and (alginate alone), respectively, which show a significant difference (p≤0.05) with other wall materials.Conclusion: Encapsulation of Lactobacillus reuteri by emulsion method with wall materials (alginate, xanthan and gelan) in addition to significantly improving survival in simulated gastric conditions, it increases the average diameter of microcapsules and also reduces the Encapsulation efficiency.Keywords: Lactobacillus reuteri, Encapsulation, Simulated gastric conditions, Survival.

NanoliPosomes are one of the most important polar lipid-based nanocarriers which can be used for Encapsulation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic active compounds. In this research, nanoliposomes based on lecithin- polyethylene glycol-gamma oryzanol were prepared by using a modified thermal method. Only one melting peak in DSC curve of gamma oryzanol bearing liposomes was observed which could be attributed to co-crystallization of both compounds. The addition of gamma oryzanol, caused to reduce the melting point of 5% (w/v) lecithin-based liposome from 207°C to 163.2°C. At high level of lecithin, increasing of liposome particle size (storage at 4°C for two months) was more obvious and particle size increased from 61 and 113 to 283 and 384 nanometers, respectively. The Encapsulation efficiency of gamma oryzanol increased from 60% to 84.3% with increasing lecithin content. The Encapsulation stability of oryzanol in liposome was determined at different concentrations of lecithin 3, 5, 10, 20% (w/v) and different storage times (1, 7, 30 and 60 days). In all concentrations, the Encapsulation stability slightly decreased during 30 days storage. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed relatively spherical to elliptic particles which indicated to low extent of particles coalescence. The oscillatory rheometry showed that the loss modulus of liposomes were higher than storage modulus and more liquid-like behavior than solid- like behavior. The samples storage at 25oC for one month, showed higher viscoelastic parameters than those having been stored at 4oC which were attributed to higher membrane fluidity at 25oC and their final coalescence.

In this study the physicochemical characteristics of microencapsulated fish oil using various wall materials and drying methods were examined. The fish oil encapsulated by three combinations of matrices (fish gelatin+maltodextrin, κ carrageenan+maltodextrin, fish gelatin+ κ carrageenan +maltodextrin), and 25% fish oil emulsions were dried through three different methods: coacervation (CC), spray drying (SD), and freeze drying (FD). Physicochemical characteristics including moisture content, surface and total oil, Encapsulation efficiency, color and morphology of microcapsules were investigated. According to results, the combination of fish gelatin and maltodextrin was the best wall combination and also coacervation was the best method to Encapsulation of fish oil. These powders had higher Encapsulation efficiency and lower surface oil than the other treatments. The results indicated that microcapsules produced by coacervation actually formed larger microcapsules, which provided maximum protection to the fish oil droplets. Comparison of the CC, SD, and FD processes confirmed that combination of matrices; drying temperature, morphology and processing time were among the most critical factors influencing fish oil powders.