Background: Acute low back pain is a common cause for presentation to the emergency department (ED). Since benign etiologies account for 95% of cases, red flags are used to identify sinister causes that require prompt management.Objectives: We assessed the effectiveness of red flag signs used in the ED to identify spinal cord and cauda equine compression.Patients and Methods: It was a retrospective cohort study of 206 patients with acute back pain admitted from the ED. The presence or absence of the red flag symptoms was assessed against evidence of spinal cord or cauda equina compression on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Results: Overall, 32 (15.5%) patients had compression on MRI. Profound lower limb neurologic examination did not demonstrate a statistically significant association with this finding. The likelihood ratio (LR) for bowel and bladder dysfunction (sensitivity of 0.65 and specificity of 0.73) was 2.45. Saddle sensory disturbance (sensitivity of 0.27 and specificity of 0.87) had a LR of 2.11. When both symptoms were taken together (sensitivity of 0.27 and specificity of 0.92), they gave a LR of 3.46.Conclusions: The predictive value of the two statistically significant red flags only marginally raises the clinical suspicion of spinal cord or cauda equina compression. Effective risk stratification of patients presenting to the ED with acute back pain is crucial; however, this study did not support the use of these red flags in their current form.

Background: Automatic Cell Counter devises make the CBC differential very easy and delivering the results in few second. However, the problem with this device is facing a flag requires a time-consuming microscopic review of the specimen which causes unacceptable wait times for patient as well as costs for laboratories. In this study, we calculated the validity of WBC diff flags in Sysmex XT-1800i. In addition, we verified the correlation between manual and automated samples.Methods: Overall, 1095 flagged samples were selected in the period of 6 weeks (Imam Hospital complex, Tehran Iran, 2014). The results of both automated and manual counting of the samples were carefully studied and compared. Totally, 624 NRBC flags, 450 Blast flags, 155 abnormal WBC Scatter gram flags, 140 Eosinophilia flags and 468 Monocytosis flags were identified.Results: Considering NRBC and blast flags there was a significant difference between our manual counted and automated counted NRBCs and blasts (P<0.05).There was no significant difference between automated and manual counting of flags for WBC Scatter gram. A significant difference between automated and manual counting data in flags, eosinophilia and monocytosis was foun (P<0.05).Conclusion: Maspin expression was reduced in samples with grade II& III of invasive ductal carcinoma. Based on expression of Maspin Inc-erb-B2, it seems that more expression happened in normal group comparing with different scores of it.We could suggest that there was a reverse relationship between tumor formation and Maspin gene expression. These results showed possible role of Maspin as prognostic factor

Flags are not only pieces of fabric fluttering. From ancient times what makes these objects differ from the other objects with the same material, color and design, are the special functions. Flags and Banners in every period had different functions such as military, religious, ethnic or economic. In any case, flags are charts of ideas, thoughts, goals, ideology and worldview of their owners, so pictorial motives and theirs various components should be simple and clear, it needs to transfer the basic concepts of beliefs, goals and objectives of their owners. For this reason, considering the closer inspection banners, components and symbols used on them, it should be notified about the foundations comprehensive military, political, religious, class and social achieved in that period, an aspect which in studies less attention has been paid recently. Flags, because of their special duty, are distinguished from the other objects which are the same color and have same role. Making banners is always the best kind of material were used and the position of carrying the banner was always one of the high ranking position, therefor it shows that how high is its place in the passage way of history. Among some of the documents remaining from the Safavid period there are references to all kinds of flags and banners in this period which compared to other historical periods their quantity and quality are considerable. Besides of documents; artifacts and archaeological evidences, such as a variety of related paintings in manuscripts, murals paintings, Moraqa’ s, coins, flag finials or the few remaining textiles are useful for the classification and recognition better and more efficient of flags in this period. Author is trying to rely on the remaining documents and archaeological artifacts from Safavid period, presenting a comprehensive classification of different flags and banners in functions and forms. This study is based on the findings method and through library and field research and their combination, and descriptive analysis is applied. The results of literature reviewing and remaining evidences from the Safavid period indicates the presence of flags with various functions in political, military, religious, economic, ethnic-tribal and royal with different forms, colors and signs. One of the most important groups in Safavid period was official flags. These flags had a motif as the lion and sun and they were triangular form with one or two tenons or multi-blades. Before this period, lion and sun was as a symbol of prosperity and power. Official flags were used in international and diplomatic relations to reflect the power and greatness of the Safavid dynasty. Official flags were different from Royal one which used for the king and the high level princes. Royal flags used to confirm the presence of the king and the princes in combat, parties or even for hunting. Special flags for morning times used for the funeral of high level people and court officials and also used in rituals of the Shia’ s Imams (AS), especially in particular ceremonies of mourning for Imam Hussein (AS). These flags were in different forms like triangular or band shapes or Kotal shapes. Safavid kings used these religious flags in their battle field because they wanted to show their combat as a religious one. They also have used some holy verses or phrase or holy names for divine help for their victory in the battle fields. Expanding the economic relations with neighbor countries or other states was the reasons of presenting the commercial flags and because of this foreign communications; the motif on the flags was the lion and sun. Documents in the Safavid period referred to local flags, but unfortunately due to lack of documentation, there are not a lot of details about it.

The flags of the Kings and Heroes in Shahnameh and other epic texts are of important symbolic and ritual significance. The Symbolic signs and their characteristics on flags are important in the analysis of their owners’ personal, public and psychological characteristics. This archetypal approach to signs reflects Ferdowsi’s intention in expressing the function of some epic instruments, such as weapons, flags, horses and tents. In Shahnameh the matching of these signs and their implied cultural significance reflect their semiotic an archetypical power. So each of these signs and images like sun, moon, stars and animals—dragon, lion, wolf, tiger, and eagle-and colors such as black and purple show the complex texture of anthropological feature. This research is both descriptive and analytical and the researchers have consulted different dictionaries of symbols and highlighted the function of each image in its epic space considering the change of its meaning in time.

Objective: A variety of sign, symptoms and laboratory findings are more common in children with organic abdominal pains. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of organic and functional abdominal pains and relation of red flags to organic pains in 100 children with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP).Methods: One hundred consecutive patients with RAP were enrolled in the study. A complete interview and physical examination was made for each patient, accompanied by a series of laboratory, clinical and paraclinical examinations. The data were recorded and analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to model and formulize correlations between sign, symptoms, and laboratory findings with organic and functional abdominal pain.Findings: Among 100 patients (52% male, 48% female, Age: 9.29±3.17) diagnostic works up revealed organic pain for 57 patients. The most common symptoms of the patients included constipation, diarrhea, chest pain, cough, headache, vomiting, hematuria, and dysuria. Fecal incontinence, delayed puberty, organomegaly, jaundice, and family history of inflammatory bowel disease were reported in none of the patients with RAP.Fever, pain not located in periumbilical area, nocturnal pain, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, weight loss, growth disorder, and abdominal tenderness were among the red flags which revealed diagnosis of organic pain in this study.Conclusion: A series of red flags could increase likelihood of finding organic pain in children with RAP.

Due to its connection with national, religious and mythological beliefs, flag (Derafsh) has many forms and patterns that can act as a factor in identifying the identity and way of thinking of a particular nation and period. Among these, the manuscripts of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, due to their epic and national nature, are valuable sources in the field of study of patterns, forms and colors used in Iranian flags. Shahnameh Tahmasebi, as one of the masterpieces of Iranian painting, has the most magnificent paintings of the Safavid period and there are numerous and varied maps of Iranian flags in its paintings that can provide valuable information to researchers. The two main questions of the present study are: What are the symbolic meanings of the flags depicted in the Shahnameh Tahmasebi in terms of motifs? What is the degree of connection between the Shahnameh Tahmasebi and its text as well as the Safavid Shiite government? Now, this research intends to study and examine the motifs of the flags in Shahnameh Tahmasebi in a descriptive-analytical way and with a symbolic approach, using library studies. Among the 258 illustrations in Shahnameh Tahmasebi, 64 of which represent the total of 165 motifs of flags. Based on this study, it was concluded that the motifs in the Shahnameh Tahmasebi are divided into categories of plant motifs (including Khatai and arabesque motifs), animal motifs (including dragon motifs, Simorgh, lion, fox and duck), and inscriptions, all of which are in line with the Shiite doctrinal concepts of the Safavid period. Also, based on this study, it was found out that the motifs of some of the flags in Shahnameh Tahmasebi are related to the texts in the Shahnameh, and in a way, the artist has visualized the texts of the Shahnameh in his work. The motifs most in line with the text include several examples of animal motifs, while inscriptions mostly serve the religion of the time. The flag was one of the most important and the oldest symbols of government and was mostly used in wars to establish order, and to create excitement and stability. The flags of each nation, in accordance with their beliefs and ideas, have a specific form, role, color and gender, and have been a symbol of the culture and national identity of that nation. Accordingly, the images and maps on the flags include a set of symbolic signs and symbols that can be studied to examine the beliefs and convictions of a community. Meanwhile, Iran with its long history, due to the formation of governments with different beliefs during different periods has different types of flags, all of which are outside the scope of this study. Therefore, in this article, only the flags that are preserved in the drawings of Shahnameh Tahmasebi will be studied. It should be noted that in the Safavid period, the revival of national characters and religious tendencies, also led to the development of art and industry. Therefore, religious and national symbolic concepts are more prominent in works of art. The society in the Safavid period centered on the intellectual principles of the king and the holy man, whose rulers were considered the king and the holy man who received the kingship from Jamshid and the holiness from Imam Ali (AS). Thus, the art of this period is full of symbolic motifs related to national and religious concepts. Shahnameh Tahmasebi, which is one of the masterpieces of Iranian painting in the early Safavid period, is illustrated in this political, social and cultural context, and its drawings contain many of these symbolic concepts. The illustrations in this book represent the theme of flags with various designs and colors that are a reflection of the culture and beliefs of this period, and can be used as important references in the field of study of flags of this period. Since these flags have been used in each of the scenes and events with a variety of colors and patterns, they have the quality to be studied in their original context. The purpose of this study is to identify all the flags in Shahnameh Tahmasebi, and to study the motifs used in them with a semiotic approach that examines their relationship with the Safavid Shiite government as well as the text of Shahnameh. Considering the importance of the flags which are depicted in Shahnameh Tahmasebi, and the limited studies that have been carried out on them and related to the selected images, conducting a more extensive research on them seems necessary. Since, as mentioned earlier in the text, the flag is a specific symbol of a particular nation or land, the depiction of which is rooted in the national, religious and political beliefs of that nation or land in a particular period of time.

Auditors are always looking to identify factors that can be used for estimating the risk of material misstatement more accurately at the level of financial statements. In this regard, this study examined whether decisions to hire or fire the staffs that make an important part of the company's operations help to anticipate accounting misstatements and, consequently, whether this affect the timing of auditor's reporting of auditor's fee and resubmission of financial statements. The research period of 1392-1398 was considered, during which 105 companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) were selected as the samples and the research hypotheses were tested by using Ordinary Least-Squares (OLS) regression and binary regression. The results of testing the research hypotheses indicated that the effect of abnormal investment in the staffs on the delay in submitting the auditor's report and restatement of financial statements was not accepted, but its effect on auditor's fee was accepted. Our results showed that the auditors of the sample companies were able to correctly estimate the risk of material misstatement caused by abnormal investment in labor and other factors and plan their proceedings to cover the risk of material misstatement through proper and timely planning. The results of this study provided evidence that auditors pay attention to red flags in financial reporting when reviewing financial statements.

The purpose of this research is to examine the difference between the perception of internal and external auditors, in relation to the efficiency of 36 red flag of SAS No.99, in order to detect the fraudulent financial reporting. The SAS No.99 commit the auditors to use the red flags to audit the financial statements toward detection of fraudulent financial reporting.The results of this study revealed that there is no specific difference between the perception of internal and external auditors, and from their point of view the most effective red flag is "Inadequate monitoring of significant internal control". Both groups of auditors categorize that red flags coming from "Opportunity" is more effective than red flags coming from "Attitude and Incentive" in detection of fraudulent financial reporting.Also it became clear that the amount of experience and position of job is effective in perception of internal auditors with regard to efficiency of red flags, however, these two variable are not effective for external auditors.

Advertising flags have an important role as a subdivision of environmental graphic in the city. This graphical media uses in different ways such as advertising, introducing, informative or decorative. Graphic designers in addition to design environmental graphic items like billboards, sign shops, different kind of pictograms, and at the same time advertising flags create a new informative and advertisement system which resolved the population needs. It is obvious with the increasing development of telecommunication and technology in modern world, there is a necessity to have this item along with the other environmental graphic items. These graphical elements have special characteristics like the other ones, and in their design different elements and qualities should be considered; for example frame, composition, color, etc. It should be noted that some of the most important of these elements and visual qualities have some roles in the design of advertising flags which with considering those we could improve the beautification of the city.According to the importance of these advertising flags in environmental graphics; unfortunately, there is no comprehensive research about it and in such circumstances, a comprehensive definition of the functional role and ultimately achieve to a specific model seems necessary.Therefore this paper first discusses the definition of advertising flag and its variants and its role as a subcategory of environmental graphic studied and finally, the visual elements of this environmental graphic item are analyzed. Research method in this paper was historical and data collection was based on documental-library data.