Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common public health disease with an increasing prevalence. It is one of the leading causes of disability, especially in the elderly. Intra-articular Hypertonic dextrose prolotherapy is one of the therapies used for KOA. There have been some articles indicating that patients receiving intra-articular normal saline as a control group of the article had improvement as well. The aim of this randomized clinical trial study was to evaluate the efficacy of intra-articular Hypertonic saline in comparison with Hypertonic dextrose prolotherapy in treatment of KOA. Methods: A total of 54 patients with KOA were randomized in two groups: Hypertonic dextrose (28 patients) and Hypertonic saline groups (26 patients). All patients received three intra-articular injections of either Hypertonic dextrose or Hypertonic saline at two weeks intervals. The values obtained by visual analogue pain scale (VAS), Oxford knee scale (OKS), and Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire were the outcome measures which were evaluated before, as well as 2 and 4 weeks after the injections. The data were analyzed using t-test and repeated measurement tests. Results: Both groups revealed improvements in outcome measures after 2 and 4 weeks of intervention. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups. Conclusion: We concluded that the intra-articular injection of Hypertonic dextrose and Hypertonic saline are both effective in the management of KOA. Hypertonic saline can be considered as another medical agent in management of KOA. However, further studies are suggested to evaluate its long-term effects.

Context: The present review discusses different studies about the treatment of hemorrhagic shock (HS) with Hypertonic saline (HTS).Evidence acquisition: We have searched the title in the most popular databases containing recent meta-analysis or randomized clinical trials (RCTs).Results: We introduce the hemodynamic effects and mechanisms of action of HTS in HS. Evidence in this field shows controversial results. There are some data supporting the potential benefits of HTS infusion in HS. The goal of research in this field is to identify the best therapy in HS with the least mortality.Conclusion: Our conclusion shows that although HTS can decrease inflammatory response during HS, it can attenuate hypercoagulability and cause complications. There are no data supporting less mortality while treatment with HTS versus other fluids in HS.

Introduction: In the recent years, effect of Hypertonic solution in resuscitation of shock has been shown by clinical and laboratory studies. On the other hand ATP-MgCI2 is used for better tissue perfusion and cardiac output in shock. The aim of this study is evaluation of ATP-MgCI2 with Hypertonic solution in resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 21 rats were divided into three groups. After anaesthesia, induced hemorrhagic shock with bleeding and shock was for 30 minutes then the solutions were infused. Group I received Hypertonic solution NaCl 5%, group2 ATP-MgCI2 and group3 both solutions and then systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure, serum electrolytes (Na+, K+), serum albumin, protein, and serum and urine osmolality before, and after one hour of shock were measured.Findings: Results showed that systolic BP in the first 15 minutes after resuscitation in group 1 and 3 was greater than group 2 (p<0.05) and between groups 1 and 3, group3 that received both solutions, showed greater elevation in systolic BP but it was not significant .60 minutes after resuscitation, mean arterial pressure in group I showed significant increase than other groups. Increasing in Na+ concentration in groups I and 3 had significant differences than group2. Albumin concentration in-group 2 was significantly greater than the other groups. There was no significant difference in other factors.Conclusion: It seems that ATP-MgCI2 alone or with Hypertonic solution have no additional beneficial effect, than Hypertonic solution, on hemodynamic and laboratory parameters in hemorrhagic shock.

In this today, we studied the therapeutic effect of Hypertonic and Hypertonic-hyperoncotic solutions on the resuscitation of controlled hemorrhagic shock in a fasting scheme. 42 rats were randomly assigned into two groups: a control and a fasting group. Fasting scheme consisted of periodic (12h) food and water deprivation. Then all animals were anaesthetized and were made to hemorrhage untill their mean blood pressure reached 40-50 mmHg which were maintained for 30 minutes. Then animals in each group were resuscitated with either (1) 4 cc/kg 5% NaCl or (2) 22 cc/kg normal saline or (3) 4 cc/kg 20% NaCl 3:1 v/v and 20% serum albumin or (4) 4 cc/kg normal saline. All animals were monitored for 1h after the infusion. Bp, serum electrolytes, osmolality and hematocrite were measured before hemorrhage and after resuscitation in each group and subgroup. Finally, all animals were sacrificed and their brain water content was measured. There were no significant differences in Bp, pulse rate, weight and serum electrolytes before the haemorrhagic shock between the two groups. Serum Osmolality 1h after resuscitation was significantly different among the subgroups of the control group. Other variables Ih after resuscitation had no significant difference among the 4 subgroups of the control and fasting gaups. Also, no significant differences were observed as for Bp, pulse rate, serum osmolality, electrolytes and brain water content between similar subgroups in two groups.

Introduction: Sinusitis is one of the most common diseases in general and in otolaryngology practice, but the optimal therapeutic options have not yet been fully developed. This manuscript will try to compare normal saline nasal douching with Hypertonic saline in reducing symptoms and improving its signs.Materials and Methods: One hundred and fourteen patients suffering from non acute rhinosinusitis, documented by history, physical examination and radiologic studies were divided into normal saline and Hypertonic saline groups, each consisting of 57 patients. data were obtained by physical examination and a questionnaire..Results: Type of treatment had no significant effect on headache, morning dryness of mouth and pharynx and fatigue. Nontheless, nasal congestion, purulent discharge and postnasal discharge were reported to have improved in the group treated with Hypertonic saline versus the normal saline group. Patient satisfaction also showed better scores in the Hypertonic saline group.Conclusion: Hypertonic saline (3%) is more effective for nasal irrigation than normal saline in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Background: Complications of Ventolin as the most common drug used for bronchiolitis are widely known. The present study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Hypertonic saline 3%, compared with Ventolin, for treatment of acute bronchiolitis in children.Methods: This double-blinded clinical trial study was conducted in Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord, Iran, from 2011 to 2012. A total of 70 patients under the age of two years with bronchiolitis were divided into two groups of 35 each. Ventolin nebulizer and Hypertonic saline 3% nebulizer three times per day were administered in the first (Ventolin) and second (Hypersaline) group, respectively.The length of recovery was compared between the two groups. The data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) using chi-square, t-test, paired t-test, and Mann-Whitney.Results: The mean±SD length of recovery was 4.14±0.9 and 3.06±0.6 in the Ventolin and hypersaline groups, respectively. The mean duration of recovery was significantly lower in the hypersaline group (p<0.001).Conclusion: Hypertonic saline 3% nebulizer has more pleasant therapeutic effects on acute bronchiolitis than Ventolin. Therefore, use of Hypertonic saline 3% nebulizer is recommended for the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in children under two years old.

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that the rate at which a meal leaves the abomasum is influenced by the volume, constituents and pH of the chyme through duodenal receptors. Adirect correlation between tonicity of oral solutions and abomasal emptying has been observed. It has been noted that if the osmolarity of an oral solution is increased, the rate of emptying from the abomasum decreases. Nowadays Hypertonic solutions are widely used to treat septic shock and diarrhea.OBJECTIVES: Determination of the effects of intravenous Hypertonic Dextrose and Sodium Chloride solutions on the abomasal emptying in neonatal calves.METHODS: The present study was carried out on Six 5 to 8 day-old colostrum-fed Holstein-Friesian calves. Calves were administered each of 4 treatments in a crossover study. Each calf was weighed and then assigned to one of the following treatments at 1 ml/kg body weight (BW) IV in random order: 1) 0.9% NaCl, equivalent to 308 mOsm/L (volume control); 2) 7.2% NaCl, equivalent to 2500 mOsm/L (osmolality control); 3) 5% dextrose, equivalent to 0.05 g dextrose/kg BW at 250 mOsm/L; and 4) 50% dextrose, equivalent to 0.5 g dextrose/kg BW at 2500 mOsm/L. All 4 solutions were injected over 1 minute at a smooth rate, and time = 0 minutes was the start of injection. Immediately after administration of each treatment, the calves were allowed to suckle 2L of fresh cow’s milk at room temperature (190 to 220C) that contained a dose of acetaminophen (50 mg/kg BW). Abomasal emptying rate was measured by use of the acetaminophen absorption technique as previously described. Venous blood samples for determination of plasma acetaminophen, glucose and insulin concentration were collected.RESULTS: The results of the current study revealed that there was no difference in abomasal emptying rate between the 4 treatments.CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that IV isotonic and Hypertonic solutions, unlike the oral route have no effect on abomasal emptying.