Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of tomato’s cultivars in Iran. Moreover, the efficiency and the application of ISSR molecular markers in evaluating tomato diversity were assessed. Materials and Methods: Ninety-nine tomato cultivars, including previously popular, prevalent and cultivars under study for cultivation in Iran were evaluated. Accordingly, 20 ISSR primers were practiced. DNA isolation were carried out using the fresh leaf samples and then determined the quantity and quality of extracted DNA. After PCR, the amplicons were separated by horizontal electrophoresis. The gels were stained with ethidium bromide and visualized in a UV transilluminator for subsequent analysis in digitalized images. The obtained information was analyzed via statistical software. Results: Amongst 20 primers were applied, the 17 primers were polymorphic. They have made 275 polymorphic amplicons which size's varied from 250 to 3000 base pair (bp). The average polymorphism rate was 97% and nine primers were 100% polymorphic. Having high polymorphic information content, marker index, effective multiplex ratio, and resolution power, UBC 879 primer was properly effective in differentiating the cultivars. The mean Jaccard similarity coefficient was 0.41. The highest genetic similarity was observed between cv. H1423 and cv. Kimia while the lowest genetic similarity was between cv. Lina and cv. Pil ZTP1; 0.96 and 0.13 respectively. The UPGMA algorithm was applied in cluster analysis based on Jaccard similarity coefficient. This analysis grouped cultivars into five clusters. According to the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), the distinction between the formed groups was significant. In this study about 35% of the data variation was explained by the first and second components. The overall grouping pattern of clustering corresponds with principal component analysis. The cultivars were divided into five groups. By providing spatial representation of relative genetic distances among individuals, PCA analysis determined the consistency of differentiation among cultivars. cv. Lina and cv. ZTP8 were placed in one group alone and have the greatest genetic distance from other varieties. Conclusions: This research claimed that Iranian tomato cultivars to some extent have high genetic diversity. In addition, it has been shown that ISSR molecular markers are appropriate for investigating the genetic diversity amongst tomato genotypes due to generation of high level of polymorphism. Thus, these markers have substantial efficiency in distinguishing tomato genotypes.

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the most ancient medicinal oil crops in the world. It has been vastly distributed in different parts of Iran. In the present study, the inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to evaluate the molecular genetic diversity among and within 12 castor accessions collected from 6 regions of Iran. Totally, 16 ISSR primers amplified 166 loci, of which 116 loci (69.89 %) were polymorph, indicating high genetic variability in castor germplasm. An accession-specific ISSR band was detected in ‘80-29’accession. Genetic distance among accessions ranged from 0.2 to 0.056.Analysis of molecular variance revealed a higher level of genetic variation within (80%) than between (20%) accessions. A model-based Bayesian approach subdivided 60 genotypes from 12 accessions into 6 subgroups. UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distance classified 12 accessions into 4 groups.The result indicates that there was no association between geographical origin and ISSR patterns. The results suggest that ISSR technique is a useful tool for studying genetic diversity in castor germplasm.

Olive grows in the mid- latitudes in the world and in areas with Mediterranean climate. Olive is one of the important agricultural products in Mediterranean Basin and Turkey. Its contribution to economy makes it valuable to determine the genetic relations among different olive varieties. In this study, genetic variations among 13 different olive cultivars were determined through 22 ISSR primers by obtaining valuable bands from 7 of them. The cultivars were mainly Turkish, namely, Edremit, Gemlik, Domat, Uslu, Cilli, Esek, Kaba, Cekiste Nazilli, Memecik, Tavsan Yuregi, Halhali, Manzanilla, and Cekiste Bozdogan, grown in different regions. Totally, 92 bands were obtained and it was observed that all of these were polymorphic. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC), Marker Index (MI), and Resolving Power (RP) averaged 0.19, 2.36 and 2.73 per primer, respectively, showing the high efficiency and reliability of the markers used. In conclusion to ISSR markers analyses as the number of polymorphic loci, genetic diversity and olive relationships through UPGMA and Neighbor Joining dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distance and PCO, it was observed that Tavsan Yuregi and Halhali varieties formed one set and Cekiste Nazilli and Manzanilla varieties formed another set together.

In this research, the genetic diversity of 18 malva (Malva neglecta) from the gene bank of forests and rangelands was evaluated. DNA extraction was performed using CTAB method, and genetic variation was investigated with 15 ISSR markers. All of the ISSR primers showed 99 visible bands in which four bands were similar patterns. The IS5 and IS6 primers had the most number of bands with 12 and 11 bands respectively, while UBC807 and UBC867 with two bands showed the least band numbers. The Polymorphic information content (PIC), marker index (MI), EMR and RP indices were calculated for all primers. With this point of view, IS5 and IS6 were the best primers to identify variability among these Malva. Total genetic similarity based on these primers was 69 percent. The greatest genetic similarity was between G4 with G9 ecotype. The lowest genetic distance was between G1 and G9 ecotype. Cluster analysis based Jakard coefficient by UPGMA was classified all genotype to tree groups and this clustering was confirmed by principal coordinate (PCo) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Portion of between group variance was just 29 percent of total variance.

Genetic variation was investigated for the number of 15 Agropyron cristatum accessions using the number of 15 ISSR primers. The number of 12 primers can be scored. The ISSR primers produced the number of 71 bands. The polymorphism has been observed for the number of 66 bands. The primers of IS1 and UBC857 presented the highest number of bands, i. e. eight bands; while the IS7 and UBC869 showed the lowest number which is only three bands. The primer of UBC844 were showed the lowest polymorphism percentage (83. 33%) and IS2, IS6, IS7, UBC848, UBC865, UBC868 and UBC869 had the highest polymorphism percentage (100%). The polymorphism percentage average was 94. 15%. The average of bands was 5. 92 in each primer for 15 genotypes and the average of polymorphic bands was 5. 50. IS6, UBC865 and UBC869 can determinate genetic distance of genotypes better than other primers. The genotypes of G4 with G2 had the most similarity and G1 with G8 had the lowest similarity. The results of UPGMA cluster analysis based on Jacard's similarity coefficient were fallen the genotypes in three groups, which confirmed by principal coordinate analysis and molecular variance analysis. The genetic diversity of the populations was matched based on the studied marker with their geographic distribution, and the populations of Gorgan and Isfahan were similar, which, on the other hand, showed greater distance with Karaj populations.

Tomato is one of the most economically important vegetable crops in many parts of the world. Improvement of yield and other essential characteristics of tomato have received more attention. Mapping quantitative trait loci could accelerate tomato breeding processes. ISSR markers were used to identify molecular makers associated with qualitative and quantitative traits in 93 landraces (from West Azarbaijan in Iran and Iğ dı r in Turkey) and three commercial cultivars. Association analysis using mixed linear model (MLM) identified 74 ISSR markers significantly (p<0. 05) associated with 12 qualitative traits. The highest and lowest number of associated markers achieved for fruit size homogeneity (4 markers) and depression at peduncle end (10 markers), respectively. For quantitative traits, 93 ISSR markers were found to be significantly (p<0. 02) associated with 20 traits. The highest and lowest number of associated markers was observed for cotyledon leaf width (one marker) and fruit length and fruit pH (9 markers), respectively. Some markers showed significant association with a number of quantitative traits in both years. Also, siginificant associations were found between a marker and various traits. After validation of these markers, we will be able to use them in tomato breeding programs for simoultaneous mutil-trait selection.

Investigating genetic diversity in plant species provides a platform for further insight in plant breeding and conservation. Therefore, in the present study genetic diversity of 13 geographically isolated genotypes of Zhumeria majdea, as a seriously endangered medicine plant growing exclusively in Hormozgan province (South of Iran) was studied. To do so, the leaf samples of Z. majdea were collected from the main growing habitats of this spices including Haji Abad, Geno and Bastak regions. The collected leaf samples were subjected to DNA extraction followed by PCR assay, using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers. Twelve markers produced totally 121 polymorphic bands and revealed a clear-cut among and within Z. majdea genotypes. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed 86% and 14% variations within and among populations, respectively. Cluster analysis divided genotypes into four main groups. The first and second principle coordinates allocated 28. 81% and 15. 71% of the variations, respectively. In addition to the innate differences of the individuals, the high intra population variation of Z. majdea, can also be explained by differences in the presence or absence of endophytes and differences in the type and genetic pattern of their endophytes.

Introduction and Objective: The study of genetic diversity with the help of molecular markers is the main precondition and an important step in the improvement of vegetable plants, including tomato and is the basis for the effective use of heterosis and the protection of genetic pools. Several studies have been conducted using molecular markers between different tomato lines, but there is little studies in Iran. Based on this, the present study intends to estimate the genetic distance between a numbers of tomato lines using ISSR molecular markers. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 12 tomato lines were investigated using microsatellite primers (ISSR) at Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed by ISSR primers and PCR products fractioned on 1.5% using agarose gel electrophoresis then the bands were analysed. Results: The primers used showed acceptable polymorphism (85.28) and suitable score able banding patterns. The highest and lowest polymorphism information content (PIC) with values of 0.40 and 0.22 were related to ISSR2 and ISSR10 primers, respectively. The ISSR2 primer was more efficient than other primers in identifying and classifying the studied lines. The degree of genetic similarity varied from 0.23 to 0.95 between the studied lines and lines Fanal and Harlekyn had the most similarity and lines CP with Bibor and after that SP with Bibor showed greatest genetic distances. Results of cluster analysis and evaluation of quantitative characterestics of studied lines showed that genotypes 4, 5, 6 and 8 placed in first group had better yield and earliness comparing other genotypes. Conclusion: Lines CP, SP and Bibor had a great genetic distance from each other and hybridization between CP and SP with Bibor as well as utilizing of selected genotypes in first group is recommended for next breeding programs in tomato. The ISSR2 primer has useful information in distinguishing the studied lines than other primers and its useful in breeding programs of tomato.