Taeniasis is one of the parasitic zoonotic diseases that could transmit through the consuming of semicooked or raw beef infested with Cysticercosebovis. Irradiation as a safe approach can be applied in order to eliminate parasites from foods. It can be used as a control method to prevent parasitic foodborne diseases. Therefore, in this study the cattle muscles containing live cysts were selected from two slaughterhouses of Alborz province and were subjected for gamma irradiation with different doses (0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1 and 1.5) KGY. Afterwards, the samples were stained with Eosin Methylene-Blue and were observed with light microscope to determine the viability of the cysts. The analysis of data was conducted with SPSS version 22. The results indicated that 0.8, 0.9, 1 and 1.5 KGY doses were capable to inactivate viable cysts significantly, with 72%, 82.6%, 90.9% and 91.6%, respectively. Therefore, 1 KGY is recommended as appropriate dose for elimination of C. bovis.

In order to investigate the biochemical changes in serum of sheep infested by gastrointestinal nematodes, biochemical elements such as calcium, phosphorus, Magnesium, Alkaline phosphates, Total protein, Albumin, Alpha globulins, Beta globulins and Gama globulins were measured and compared with those of the control animals. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple rouge test. Statistically significant differences were observed in calcium and phosphorus of serum between infested and control groups (p<0.05). Total protein and Albumin were significantly lower in the infested group (p<0.5) and Alpha globulins were significantly higher in this group (p<0.005).Hence infestation to gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep causes distinct of changes in serum parameters.

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is the most important internal quarantine pest in Iran. Injecting insecticides into the tree trunk is one of the methods for pest control. This research investigated the effect of cypermethrin (40% EC) and acetamiprid (20% SP) on controlling ‎red palm weevil in a completely randomized design experiment with three ‎replications. The treatments included a control (water injection) and injections of cypermethrin at concentrations of 2.5, 3.75-, and 5-mL L⁻¹, acetamiprid at concentrations of 5, 7.5, and 10 g L⁻¹, and combinations of the two insecticides. The insecticide injections were carried out in two stages. In the first stage, a hole was made in the tree trunk, and one week later, the second stage involved injecting the insecticides. The results showed that the injection of both insecticides significantly reduced the number of live larvae and adults, with the combined treatment of 5 mL L⁻¹of cypermethrin + 10 g L⁻¹ of acetamiprid leading to the lowest number of live larvae and adults. The combination of 5 mL L⁻¹ of cypermethrin + 10 g L⁻¹ of acetamiprid caused the highest adult mortality compared to 5 g L⁻¹ (77.02%) and 7.5 gL⁻¹ (87.37%) of acetamiprid. Additionally, combining the highest concentration of cypermethrin (5 mL L⁻¹) with different concentrations of acetamiprid resulted in the highest percentage of larval mortality. The results indicated that the combined injection of two insecticides proved highly effective and promising, making it suitable for integrated pest management (IPM) programs.

The Nematodes are roundworms that are found in every environment of the earth. While some species are harmful parasites, others play a vital role in nutrient cycle and medical research. Nematode infestation in the fields is poly-specific; however, depending on the agro-climatic conditions, one or two species are dominant over the rest. The present studies attempts to observe and control the root knot infestation on spinach (Spinacea oleracea), which belong to Chenopodiaceous family and is extensively cultivated in India for its nutritious leaves. Various organic metabolites have been estimated in root knot nematode infested spinach, including chlorophyll, total carbohydrates, and total free amino acids. Spinach plants, infested with root knot nematode, have been treated with peels of lemon, which proved beneficial in terms of increased chlorophyll content. Altered total carbohydrate and total free amino acid content have been found with S/4 of lemon-peel-treated spinach plants. It has been found that the infested spinach shows 137.5% carbohydrate content over the normal plants. The kaghzi neemboo amended spinach contains lower carbohydrate than normal-control. Rate of carbohydrate contents has been found to be inversely proportional to the rate of extracts concentrations as S/4, S/2, and S show 92.5%, 55%, and 37.5% increase over normal-control spinach. The bio-amendment of citrus aurantifolia, (kaghzi neemboo) helps controlling root knot nematodes, which is more beneficial than using chemicals to control the same, as the chemical fertilizer causes pollution, exerting negative impacts on flora and fauna.

Q fever, as one of the tick-borne zoonotic diseases, is caused by Coxiella burnetii. Ticks may play an important role in C. burnetii transmission to animals and humans. By using nested Trans-PCR, we investigated the presence of C. burnetiiin ticks collected from dogs in Kerman, southeast of Iran. A total of 375 ticks were randomly collected from 100 dogs. Eight pools were finally formed. The pools of tick samples were assessed for the presence of C. burnetii.Genomic DNA extraction was done and samples were evaluated by nested Trans-PCR. All tick specimens were identified asRhipicephalus sanguineus regarding the taxonomical characteristics. Coxiella burnetii was detected in 1 out of 8 (12.5%) pool samples. One positive sample was subjected to sequence analysis, which successfully confirmed the accuracy of the PCR assay. Our data show that ticks infesting dogs can be infected by C. burnetii, providing zoonotic importance of these populations. Efforts should be focused on understanding the role and epidemiologic importance of dogs and their ticks, especially for human Q fever, which can be a life-threatening disease.

In a survey of fungal species associated with walnut kernel rot symptoms, a white fungal mycelial mass was observed in feces and larval debries of codling moths (Cydia pomonella) on walnut kernels in East and West Azerbaijan provinces in 2022. Infected samples were examined under a stereo microscope, white mycelial mass together with fungal spores were taken using a sterile needle, and pure cultures were established using the single spore method. Morphological characteristics were examined on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and malt extract agar (MEA) culture media in the dark at 21°C after one week of incubation. To confirm the identity of the isolated fungi, the ITS rDNA genomic region of representative isolates were amplified using a universal primer set (ITS1 and ITS4) via polymerase chain reaction, and PCR products were sequenced. Based on the combination of morphological features and sequencing data, the isolates were identified as Quambalaria cyanescens. Colonies grew slowly, reaching a diameter of 11-12 mm on PDA and MEA after one week, and produced a purple pigment in the medium. Conidiophores are undifferentiated from vegetative hyphae and conidiogenous cells are holoblastic with sympodial proliferation. The conidia are usually ovoid or pear-shaped, transparent and 2-8 × 1.5-2.5 µm. Quambalaria cyanescens is a rare basidiomycete species of the order Microstromatales, which also has a yeast phase. The pathogenic potential of the two isolates of Q. cyanescens was evaluated on larvae of Ephestia kuehniella; however, the survival rate of larvae treated with different concentrations of Q. cyanescens spores was the same as that of untreated control larvae, and it can be concluded that the Q. cyanescens isolates were not pathogenic to E. kuehniella larvae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the association of Q. cyanescens with feces and larval debries of codling moths on walnut kernels.

Background and Objective: The goals of study were to evaluate of Alfalfa traits by using penergetic P and K under free and infested by Dodder (Cuscuta campestris). Materials & Methods: The greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in 2017. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with 8 treatments and two replications. Treatments were penergetic P+dodder infested, penergetic K+dodder infested, penergetic water+dodder infested, control+dodder infested, penergetic P+dodder free, penergetic K+dodder free, penergetic water+dodder free and control+dodder free. Results: Different treatments of penergetic had significant effect on plant height, number of sub stem per plant, diameter of main stem, fresh weight, number of leaves per plant, chlorophyll index and alfalfa biomass. The highest plant height with 49. 18cm was achieved by penergetic water + dodder free and the highest chlorophyll index under penergetic P + dodder infested. The highest biomass yield was obtained from penergetic P+ dodder free treatment and the lowest biomass yield was observed in control+dodder infested treatment. Conclusion: It can be concluded that using of different treatments of penergetic in the recommended doses increase the alfalfa resistance to dodder.